J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 27, September 2024, pages 15-32

Lignans in Patrinia with various biological activities and extensive application value: A review

Figure 2. (a) The bioactivity of lignins. (b) The relationship network between lignins and biological activity. (The size of the ellipse represents the amount of biological activity of the compound, the green square box represents the biological activity, and each side line represents the biological activity of the compound).

Figure 3. Anti-inflammatory pathways of active ingredients in Patrinia. IL-6 (Interleukin-6); IL-8 (Interleukin-8); TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α); IL-1β (Interleukin-1beta); NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B); COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2); iNOS (Inducible nitric oxide sythase); HO-1 (Heme oxygenase 1); ERK (Extracellular regulated protein kinases); JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase); STAT Signal transducer and activator of transcription);MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88); TAK (Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase); IκB (Inhibitor of NF-κB); IKK (Inhibitor of kappa B kinase); JAK (Janus kinase).

Figure 4. Anticancer pathways of active ingredients in Patrinia. MEK (Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase); BAX (BCL2-Associated X); BCL2 (B-cell lymphoma-2); EZH2 (Enhancer of zeste homolog).

**Table 1.** Lignans and lignans with bioactivity in *Patrinia*
Compound numbers	Name	Acitivity	Source	Ref.
“AD” stands for Alzheimer’s disease; “–” indicates that the activity of the compound is not reported in the reference.
1	Pinoresinol	Cytotoxicity	P. scabiosaefolia	(Deveci et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020)
Anti-oxidant	(Deveci et al., 2019)
Hepatoprotection	(Kim et al., 2019)
Enzyme inhibitor	(Deveci et al., 2019; Salleh et al., 2019)
Anti-osteoporosis	(Jiang et al., 2019)
Anti-malarial	(Hashim et al., 2021)
Anti-inflammatory	(Yang et al., 2021)
Anti-AD	(Yu et al., 2019)
Anti-tumor		(Ning et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2022)
Anti-diabetic		(Wikul et al., 2012)
2	Syringaresinol	Cytotoxicity	P. scabiosaefolia	(Lee et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020)
Enzyme inhibitor	(Salleh et al., 2019)
Anti-Inflammatory	(Chang et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2020)
Anti-oxidant	(Liu et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2020; Tran Thu et al., 2022)
3	Eudesmin	Cytotoxicity	P. scabiosaefolia	(Zhang et al., 2020)
Lipid-lowering	(Nam et al., 2018)
Anti-tumor	(Jiang et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2019)
Anti-biosis	(Yang et al., 2018)
Anti-inflammatory	(Li et al., 2020)
Enzyme inhibitor	(Park et al., 2021)
4	Medioresinol	Enzyme inhibitor	P.scabiosaefolia	(Salleh et al., 2019; Timalsina et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020)
Anti-complementary	(Hou et al., 2017)
5	(+)-Pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopuranoside	Anti-oxidant Anti-diabetic Hepatoprotection	P.scabra	(Di et al., 2013; Youssef et al., 2020)
6	Syringaresinol mono-β-D-glucoside	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
7	Pinoresinol-4,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-oxidant	P. scabra	(Dinh Thi Huyen et al., 2022; Li et al., 2005)
Estrogenic properties	(Wang et al., 2011)
8	epipinoresinol	Anti-oxidant	P. scabiosaefolia	(Wang et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020)
Anti-inflammatory	(Yu et al., 2019)
9	(7R,7′R,7″S,8S,8′S,8″S)-4,4″-dihydroxy-3′,3,3″,5′-tetramethoxy-7,9′:7′,9-diepoxy-4′,8″-oxy-8,8′-sesquineolignan-7″,9″diol	Anti-oxidant	P. scabiosaefolia	(Song et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2020)
10	Salicifoliol	Anti-inflammatory	P. scabiosaefolia	(Yang et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2020)
11	Matairesinol	Cytotoxicity Anti-inflammatory	P. villosa	(Al-Sayed et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021)
Anti-diabetic Hepatoprotection	(Yang and Wang, 2022)
Anti-tumor	(Lee et al., 2022; Mahajan et al., 2021)
Anti-oxidant	(Wu et al., 2021)
Neuroprotection	(Yi et al., 2019)
12	Matairesinol-4,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	–	P. scabra	(Li et al., 2005)
13	(+)-Nortrachelogenin	Anti-fibrosis	P. scabiosaefolia	(Pemmari et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020)
Anti-oxidant	(Tebboub et al., 2018)
14	(−)-Nortrachelogenin	Anti-fungal	P. scabiosaefolia	(Lee et al., 2016; Li et al., 2003)
15	Nortracheloside	–	P. scabra	(Bai et al., 2017)
16	Patrinian A	Anti-AD Neuroprotection	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
17	Patrinian B	Anti-oxidant Anti-AD Neuroprotection	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
18	Styraxlignolide D	Anti-oxidant	P. scabra	(Di et al., 2013; Min et al., 2004)
19	Styraxlignolide E	Anti-oxidant	P. scabra	(Di et al., 2013; Min et al., 2004)
20	(2S,3S)-2α-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxybenzyl)-3β-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxybenzyl)-γ-butyrolactone	–	P. scabra	(Di et al., 2013)
21	Lariciresinol	Anti-tumor	P. scabra	(Gu et al., 2002; Ma et al., 2018)
Plant growth inhibitor	(Nakano et al., 2002)
Anti-fungal	(Bajpai, Shukla, et al., 2017; Hwang et al., 2011)
Anti-oxidant	(Bajpai, Alam, et al., 2017)
22	4-[1-Ethoxyl-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)benzyl]methyl-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy) benzyl-3-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan	–	P. scabra	(Bai et al., 2017)
23	Lariciresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-AD Neuroprotection	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
Anti-inflammatory	(Li et al., 2015; Zou et al., 2021)
24	Lariciresinol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-AD	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
25	Lariciresinol 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-AD	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
Cytotoxicity	(Lee et al., 2016)
26	Tortoside B	Anti-AD	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
27	Tanegool	Neuroprotection	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
Anti-oxidant	(Lee et al., 2009)
Enzyme inhibitor	(Ohtsuki et al., 2012)
28	Tanegool-7′-methyl ether	Neuroprotection	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
29	Isolariciresinol	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
Neuroprotection	(Cheng et al., 2020)
Anti-inflammatory	(Cho et al., 2001)
Enzyme inhibitor	(Lunder et al., 2019)
30	(−)-Isolariciresinol 4-β-D-glucopyranoside	–	P. scabiosaefolia	(Zhang et al., 2020)
31	(8S,7′R,8′S)-Isolarisiresinol 9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	–	P. scabiosaefolia	(Zhang et al., 2020)
32	5-Methoxy isolariciresinol	Anti-oxidants	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
33	lyoniresinol	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018; Koga et al., 2007)
Anti-fungal	(Moo-Puc et al., 2014)
34	(8R,7′S,8′R)-Isolarisiresinol 9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Neuroprotection	P. scabiosaefolia	(Cheng et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020)
35	Patrinianeolignan I	–	P. scabiosaefolia	(Zhang et al., 2020)
36	Isodonoside VI	–	P. scabiosaefolia	(Zhang et al., 2020)
37	(7S,8R) Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Antio-xidant	P. villosa	(He et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2020)
Cytoprotection	(Wang et al., 2017)
Enzyme inhibitor	(Hong et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2012)
38	(7S,8R)-3′4,9′-Trihydroxy-4-methoxy-9-O-shikkyl-acyl-7,8-dihydrobenzofuran-1′-propyl lignan	–	P. scabiosaefolia	(Jiang et al., 2017)
39	(7R,8S)-3,3′,5-Trimethoxy-40,7-epoxy-8,5′-neolignan-4,9,9′-triol-9-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
40	Massonianoside D	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
41	(7R,8S)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
42	(7R,8S)-glochidioboside	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
43	2,6,2′,6′-tetramethoxy-4,4′-bis (1,2-trans-2,3-epoxy-1-hydroxypropyl) biphenyl	–	P. villosa	(Xiang et al., 2017)
44	2,6,2′,6′-tetramethoxy-4,4′-bis (2,3-epoxy-1-hydroxypropyl) biphenyl	Anti-inflammatory	P. villosa	(Liu et al., 2022; Xiang et al., 2017)
45	Patrineolignan A	Cytotoxic activity	P. scabra	(Di et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2020)
46	Patrineolignan B	Cytotoxic activity	P. scabra	(Di et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2020)
Anti-inflammatory	P. scabiosaefolia	(Lee et al., 2018; Yan et al., 2016)
47	(7R,8R)-threo-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}-1,3-propanediol	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
48	(7S,8R)-erythro-7,9,9′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-8-O-4′-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
49	(7S,8R)-erythro-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
50	(7S,8R)-erythro-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether-9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
51	Erythro-(7S,8R)-Guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether	–	P. villosa	(Xiang et al., 2017)
52	(1R,2S)-rel-1-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-2-[400-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2″, 6″-dimethoxyphenoxy]-1,3-propanediol	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
53	(7R,8R)-threo-7,9,9′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-8-O-4′-neolignan4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
54	(7R,8R)-threo-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether-9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
55	(7R,8R)-threo-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferylether	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
56	(7R,8S)-erythro-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether	Anti-oxidant	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)

Table 1. Lignans and lignans with bioactivity in Patrinia

Compound numbers

Name

Acitivity

Source

Ref.

“AD” stands for Alzheimer’s disease; “–” indicates that the activity of the compound is not reported in the reference.

Pinoresinol

Cytotoxicity

P. scabiosaefolia

(Deveci et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020)

Anti-oxidant

(Deveci et al., 2019)

Hepatoprotection

(Kim et al., 2019)

Enzyme inhibitor

(Deveci et al., 2019; Salleh et al., 2019)

Anti-osteoporosis

(Jiang et al., 2019)

Anti-malarial

(Hashim et al., 2021)

Anti-inflammatory

(Yang et al., 2021)

Anti-AD

(Yu et al., 2019)

Anti-tumor

(Ning et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2022)

Anti-diabetic

(Wikul et al., 2012)

Syringaresinol

Cytotoxicity

P. scabiosaefolia

(Lee et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020)

Enzyme inhibitor

(Salleh et al., 2019)

Anti-Inflammatory

(Chang et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2020)

Anti-oxidant

(Liu et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2020; Tran Thu et al., 2022)

Eudesmin

Cytotoxicity

P. scabiosaefolia

(Zhang et al., 2020)

Lipid-lowering

(Nam et al., 2018)

Anti-tumor

(Jiang et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2019)

Anti-biosis

(Yang et al., 2018)

Anti-inflammatory

(Li et al., 2020)

Enzyme inhibitor

(Park et al., 2021)

Medioresinol

Enzyme inhibitor

P.scabiosaefolia

(Salleh et al., 2019; Timalsina et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020)

Anti-complementary

(Hou et al., 2017)

(+)-Pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopuranoside

Anti-oxidant Anti-diabetic Hepatoprotection

P.scabra

(Di et al., 2013; Youssef et al., 2020)

Syringaresinol mono-β-D-glucoside

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

Pinoresinol-4,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-oxidant

P. scabra

(Dinh Thi Huyen et al., 2022; Li et al., 2005)

Estrogenic properties

(Wang et al., 2011)

epipinoresinol

Anti-oxidant

P. scabiosaefolia

(Wang et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020)

Anti-inflammatory

(Yu et al., 2019)

(7R,7′R,7″S,8S,8′S,8″S)-4,4″-dihydroxy-3′,3,3″,5′-tetramethoxy-7,9′:7′,9-diepoxy-4′,8″-oxy-8,8′-sesquineolignan-7″,9″diol

Anti-oxidant

P. scabiosaefolia

(Song et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2020)

Salicifoliol

Anti-inflammatory

P. scabiosaefolia

(Yang et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2020)

Matairesinol

Cytotoxicity Anti-inflammatory

P. villosa

(Al-Sayed et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021)

Anti-diabetic Hepatoprotection

(Yang and Wang, 2022)

Anti-tumor

(Lee et al., 2022; Mahajan et al., 2021)

Anti-oxidant

(Wu et al., 2021)

Neuroprotection

(Yi et al., 2019)

Matairesinol-4,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

–

P. scabra

(Li et al., 2005)

(+)-Nortrachelogenin

Anti-fibrosis

P. scabiosaefolia

(Pemmari et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020)

Anti-oxidant

(Tebboub et al., 2018)

(−)-Nortrachelogenin

Anti-fungal

P. scabiosaefolia

(Lee et al., 2016; Li et al., 2003)

Nortracheloside

–

P. scabra

(Bai et al., 2017)

Patrinian A

Anti-AD Neuroprotection

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Patrinian B

Anti-oxidant Anti-AD Neuroprotection

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Styraxlignolide D

Anti-oxidant

P. scabra

(Di et al., 2013; Min et al., 2004)

Styraxlignolide E

Anti-oxidant

P. scabra

(Di et al., 2013; Min et al., 2004)

(2S,3S)-2α-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxybenzyl)-3β-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxybenzyl)-γ-butyrolactone

–

P. scabra

(Di et al., 2013)

Lariciresinol

Anti-tumor

P. scabra

(Gu et al., 2002; Ma et al., 2018)

Plant growth inhibitor

(Nakano et al., 2002)

Anti-fungal

(Bajpai, Shukla, et al., 2017; Hwang et al., 2011)

Anti-oxidant

(Bajpai, Alam, et al., 2017)

4-[1-Ethoxyl-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)benzyl]methyl-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy) benzyl-3-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan

–

P. scabra

(Bai et al., 2017)

Lariciresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-AD Neuroprotection

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Anti-inflammatory

(Li et al., 2015; Zou et al., 2021)

Lariciresinol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-AD

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Lariciresinol 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-AD

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Cytotoxicity

(Lee et al., 2016)

Tortoside B

Anti-AD

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Tanegool

Neuroprotection

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Anti-oxidant

(Lee et al., 2009)

Enzyme inhibitor

(Ohtsuki et al., 2012)

Tanegool-7′-methyl ether

Neuroprotection

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Isolariciresinol

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Neuroprotection

(Cheng et al., 2020)

Anti-inflammatory

(Cho et al., 2001)

Enzyme inhibitor

(Lunder et al., 2019)

(−)-Isolariciresinol 4-β-D-glucopyranoside

–

P. scabiosaefolia

(Zhang et al., 2020)

(8S,7′R,8′S)-Isolarisiresinol 9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

–

P. scabiosaefolia

(Zhang et al., 2020)

5-Methoxy isolariciresinol

Anti-oxidants

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

lyoniresinol

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018; Koga et al., 2007)

Anti-fungal

(Moo-Puc et al., 2014)

(8R,7′S,8′R)-Isolarisiresinol 9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Neuroprotection

P. scabiosaefolia

(Cheng et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020)

Patrinianeolignan I

–

P. scabiosaefolia

(Zhang et al., 2020)

Isodonoside VI

–

P. scabiosaefolia

(Zhang et al., 2020)

(7S,8R) Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Antio-xidant

P. villosa

(He et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2020)

Cytoprotection

(Wang et al., 2017)

Enzyme inhibitor

(Hong et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2012)

(7S,8R)-3′4,9′-Trihydroxy-4-methoxy-9-O-shikkyl-acyl-7,8-dihydrobenzofuran-1′-propyl lignan

–

P. scabiosaefolia

(Jiang et al., 2017)

(7R,8S)-3,3′,5-Trimethoxy-40,7-epoxy-8,5′-neolignan-4,9,9′-triol-9-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

Massonianoside D

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

(7R,8S)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

(7R,8S)-glochidioboside

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

2,6,2′,6′-tetramethoxy-4,4′-bis (1,2-trans-2,3-epoxy-1-hydroxypropyl) biphenyl

–

P. villosa

(Xiang et al., 2017)

2,6,2′,6′-tetramethoxy-4,4′-bis (2,3-epoxy-1-hydroxypropyl) biphenyl

Anti-inflammatory

P. villosa

(Liu et al., 2022; Xiang et al., 2017)

Patrineolignan A

Cytotoxic activity

P. scabra

(Di et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2020)

Patrineolignan B

Cytotoxic activity

P. scabra

(Di et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2020)

Anti-inflammatory

P. scabiosaefolia

(Lee et al., 2018; Yan et al., 2016)

(7R,8R)-threo-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}-1,3-propanediol

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

(7S,8R)-erythro-7,9,9′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-8-O-4′-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

(7S,8R)-erythro-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

(7S,8R)-erythro-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether-9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

Erythro-(7S,8R)-Guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether

–

P. villosa

(Xiang et al., 2017)

(1R,2S)-rel-1-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-2-[400-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2″, 6″-dimethoxyphenoxy]-1,3-propanediol

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

(7R,8R)-threo-7,9,9′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-8-O-4′-neolignan4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

(7R,8R)-threo-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether-9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

(7R,8R)-threo-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferylether

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

(7R,8S)-erythro-guaiacyl-glycerol-β-O-4′-dihydroconiferyl ether

Anti-oxidant

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

**Table 2.** Lignans with antioxidant activity
Compound numbers	Methods	IC₅₀/EC₅₀ (μM)	Source	Ref.
DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical); ABTS (2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)); FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power); EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid); NBT (Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride); ROS (Reactive oxygen species); IC₅₀ (Half maximal inhibitory concentration); EC₅₀ (Concentration for 50% of maximal effect).
1	DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC assays	9.72 ± 0.14	Porodaedalea pini	(Deveci et al., 2019)
18.45 ± 0.2
11.15 ± 0.08
2	DPPH assay	17.34 ± 0.44	Portulaca oleracea L.	(Ma et al., 2020)
DPPH and ABTS assays	25.30 ± 2.05,	Liparis nervosa	(Liu et al., 2021)
40.13 ± 2.27
5	FRAP and ABTS assays	418.47µmol/g	Prunus domestica	(Youssef et al., 2020)
1,091.3µmol/g
6	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	9.9 ± 1.02	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
12.7 ± 1.40
19.94 ± 4.0
7	TBARS assay	61.9 ± 3.9	Pandanus tonkinensis	(Dinh Thi Huyen et al., 2022)
8	DPPH assay	18.92 ± 0.06	Lancea tibetica	(Wang et al., 2019)
9	ROS in (HBZY-1) cells	–	Euryale ferox Seeds	(Song et al., 2011)
11	A model of sepsis in vitro	The expression of antioxidant proteins Nrf2 and HO-1 was inhibited	–	(Wu et al., 2021)
13	DPPH assay	38.6 ± 2.7	Galactites elegans	(Lee et al., 2016)
16	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	27.5 ± 3.72	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Liu et al., 2015)
0.3 ± 0.04
27.53 ± 8.4
17	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	9.0 ± 1.91	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Liu et al., 2015)
0.6 ± 0.08
34.15 ± 8.8
18	DPPH assay	278	Styrax japonica	(Min et al., 2004)
19	DPPH assay	194	Styrax japonica	(Min et al., 2004)
21	DPPH assay	–	Rubia philippinensis	(Bajpai, Alam, et al., 2017)
27	Irradiated riboflavin/ (EDTA)/(NBT) assay system	13.4 (EC₅₀)	Magnolia fargesii	(Lee et al., 2009)
29	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	5.6 ± 0.16	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Liu et al., 2015)
0.3 ± 0.06
< 5
32	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	46.1 ± 1.93	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
5.1 ± 0.30
143.34 ± 2.7
33	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	8.0 ± 0.81	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
5.5 ± 0.04
57.43 ± 7.1
37	ABTS assay	193.85 mmol/l	Rosa soulieana	(Lunder et al., 2019)
39	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	5.3 ± 1.35	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
0.2 ± 0.03
< 5
40	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	>100	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
15.1 ± 1.56
18.36 ± 2.6
41	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	>100	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
9.9 ± 1.02
42.77 ± 2.8
42	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	90.9 ± 2.41	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
6.3 ± 0.53
78.42 ± 4.5
47	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	15.4 ± 0.77	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
0.5 ± 0.08
20.95 ± 9.2
48	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	>100	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
25.1 ± 0.78
16.49 ± 4.2
49	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	>100	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
23.2 ± 1.42
8.26 ± 3.4
50	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	>100	P. villosa	(Bai et al., 2018)
35.8 ± 0.94
12.86 ± 4.8
52	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	70.1 ± 2.45	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
26.2 ± 1.48
12.86 ± 4.8
53	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	>100	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
15.5 ± 0.08
15.28 ± 3.7
54	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	94.4 ± 2.38	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
12.5 ± 0.83
42.58 ± 4.9
55	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	58.3 ± 3.20	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
27.4 ± 1.71
<5
56	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays	33.7 ± 2.8	Patrinia villosa Juss.	(Bai et al., 2018)
12.7 ± 1.40
206.88 ± 6.8

Table 2. Lignans with antioxidant activity

Compound numbers

Methods

IC₅₀/EC₅₀ (μM)

Source

Ref.

DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical); ABTS (2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)); FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power); EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid); NBT (Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride); ROS (Reactive oxygen species); IC₅₀ (Half maximal inhibitory concentration); EC₅₀ (Concentration for 50% of maximal effect).

DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC assays

9.72 ± 0.14

Porodaedalea pini

(Deveci et al., 2019)

18.45 ± 0.2

11.15 ± 0.08

DPPH assay

17.34 ± 0.44

Portulaca oleracea L.

(Ma et al., 2020)

DPPH and ABTS assays

25.30 ± 2.05,

Liparis nervosa

(Liu et al., 2021)

40.13 ± 2.27

FRAP and ABTS assays

418.47µmol/g

Prunus domestica

(Youssef et al., 2020)

1,091.3µmol/g

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

9.9 ± 1.02

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

12.7 ± 1.40

19.94 ± 4.0

TBARS assay

61.9 ± 3.9

Pandanus tonkinensis

(Dinh Thi Huyen et al., 2022)

DPPH assay

18.92 ± 0.06

Lancea tibetica

(Wang et al., 2019)

ROS in (HBZY-1) cells

–

Euryale ferox Seeds

(Song et al., 2011)

A model of sepsis in vitro

The expression of antioxidant proteins Nrf2 and HO-1 was inhibited

–

(Wu et al., 2021)

DPPH assay

38.6 ± 2.7

Galactites elegans

(Lee et al., 2016)

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

27.5 ± 3.72

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Liu et al., 2015)

0.3 ± 0.04

27.53 ± 8.4

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

9.0 ± 1.91

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Liu et al., 2015)

0.6 ± 0.08

34.15 ± 8.8

DPPH assay

278

Styrax japonica

(Min et al., 2004)

DPPH assay

194

Styrax japonica

(Min et al., 2004)

DPPH assay

–

Rubia philippinensis

(Bajpai, Alam, et al., 2017)

Irradiated riboflavin/ (EDTA)/(NBT) assay system

13.4 (EC₅₀)

Magnolia fargesii

(Lee et al., 2009)

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

5.6 ± 0.16

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Liu et al., 2015)

0.3 ± 0.06

< 5

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

46.1 ± 1.93

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

5.1 ± 0.30

143.34 ± 2.7

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

8.0 ± 0.81

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

5.5 ± 0.04

57.43 ± 7.1

ABTS assay

193.85 mmol/l

Rosa soulieana

(Lunder et al., 2019)

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

5.3 ± 1.35

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

0.2 ± 0.03

< 5

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

>100

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

15.1 ± 1.56

18.36 ± 2.6

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

>100

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

9.9 ± 1.02

42.77 ± 2.8

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

90.9 ± 2.41

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

6.3 ± 0.53

78.42 ± 4.5

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

15.4 ± 0.77

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

0.5 ± 0.08

20.95 ± 9.2

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

>100

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

25.1 ± 0.78

16.49 ± 4.2

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

>100

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

23.2 ± 1.42

8.26 ± 3.4

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

>100

P. villosa

(Bai et al., 2018)

35.8 ± 0.94

12.86 ± 4.8

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

70.1 ± 2.45

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

26.2 ± 1.48

12.86 ± 4.8

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

>100

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

15.5 ± 0.08

15.28 ± 3.7

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

94.4 ± 2.38

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

12.5 ± 0.83

42.58 ± 4.9

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

58.3 ± 3.20

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

27.4 ± 1.71

DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays

33.7 ± 2.8

Patrinia villosa Juss.

(Bai et al., 2018)

12.7 ± 1.40

206.88 ± 6.8

**Table 3.** Lignans with anti-inflammatory activity
Compound numbers	Methods	IC₅₀ (μM)	Source	Ref.
TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor); LPS (Lipopolysaccharides); RAW264.7 (Mouse Mononuclear Macrophages Cells).
1	TNF-α-induced MH7Acells	6.25 ± 0.42	Dendropanax dentiger	(Yang et al., 2021)
(fMLP/CB)-induced neutrophils	6.81 ± 1.07	Machilus japonica	(Li et al., 2020)
LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α both in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages	–	Forsythia	(Michalak et al., 2018)
2	LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells	26.56 ± 1.28	Acanthopana sessiliflorus	(Kim et al., 2020)
LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells	9.18 ± 1.90	Neonauclea reticulata	(Chang et al., 2019)
3	fMLF/CB-induced human neutrophils	8.71 ± 0.74	Machilus japonica	(Li et al., 2020)
8	LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α both in neutrophils	–	Forsythia	(Michalak et al., 2018)
and monocytes/macrophages
10	LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells	311.6 ± 14.1	Lindera akoensis	(Yang and Wang, 2022)
11	LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α both in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages	–	Forsythia	(Michalak et al., 2018)
fMLF/CB-induced human neutrophils	2.7 ± 0.3	Cupressus macrocarpa	(Al-Sayed et al., 2020)
23	influenza A virus-induced pro-inflammatory	–	Isatis indigotica	(Li et al., 2015)
29	LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells	123.8	Coptis japonica	(Cho et al., 2001)
44	LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells	10.62 ± 1.25	Tripterygium regelii	(Liu et al., 2022)
46	LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells	22.14	Patrinia scabra	(Lee et al., 2018)
LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells	17.8	Patrinia scabra	(Yan et al., 2016)

Table 3. Lignans with anti-inflammatory activity

Compound numbers

Methods

IC₅₀ (μM)

Source

Ref.

TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor); LPS (Lipopolysaccharides); RAW264.7 (Mouse Mononuclear Macrophages Cells).

TNF-α-induced MH7Acells

6.25 ± 0.42

Dendropanax dentiger

(Yang et al., 2021)

(fMLP/CB)-induced neutrophils

6.81 ± 1.07

Machilus japonica

(Li et al., 2020)

LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α both in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages

–

Forsythia

(Michalak et al., 2018)

LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

26.56 ± 1.28

Acanthopana sessiliflorus

(Kim et al., 2020)

LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

9.18 ± 1.90

Neonauclea reticulata

(Chang et al., 2019)

fMLF/CB-induced human neutrophils

8.71 ± 0.74

Machilus japonica

(Li et al., 2020)

LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α both in neutrophils

–

Forsythia

(Michalak et al., 2018)

and monocytes/macrophages

LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

311.6 ± 14.1

Lindera akoensis

(Yang and Wang, 2022)

LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α both in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages

–

Forsythia

(Michalak et al., 2018)

fMLF/CB-induced human neutrophils

2.7 ± 0.3

Cupressus macrocarpa

(Al-Sayed et al., 2020)

influenza A virus-induced pro-inflammatory

–

Isatis indigotica

(Li et al., 2015)

LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

123.8

Coptis japonica

(Cho et al., 2001)

LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

10.62 ± 1.25

Tripterygium regelii

(Liu et al., 2022)

LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

22.14

Patrinia scabra

(Lee et al., 2018)

LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

17.8

Patrinia scabra

(Yan et al., 2016)

**Table 4.** Lignans with cytotoxic activity
Compound numbers	Cancer cell line	IC₅₀ (μM)	Source	Ref.
MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7); SK-MEL-2 (Human skin melanoma cells); A549/ H1975 (Human lung cancer cells); HCT-116 (Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells); HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells); HeLa (Human cervical carcinoma cell line); MNK-45 (Human gastric cancer cells); H460 (Human large-cell lung cancer cells); SKM-1 (Human acute myeloid leukemia cells); NB4 (Human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells); Z-138 (mature B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line); GIST-T1 (Human gastrointestinal stromal tumor cell line); H23 (Human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line); T24 (Human urinary bladder cancer cells); A431 (human epidermoid carcinoma cell line); Du145 (human prostate cancer cell); MOLM-14 (Myeloid leukemia cells); PF382 (human malignant T lymphoblast); HEL (Human Erythroleukemia Cell Line); TMD8/ JVM-2 (Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line); Namalwa (Human Burkitt’s lymphoma cells); U-2 OS (Human osteosarcoma cell line).
1	MCF-7	21.08 ± 1.01µg/ml	Porodaedalea pini	(Deveci et al., 2019)
SK-MEL-2	37.96	Euonymus alatus	(Lee et al., 2016)
2	A549	>100	Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus	(Ma et al., 2020)
SK-MEL-2	23.24	Euonymus alatus	(Lee et al., 2016)
3	HCT-116	41.92	Patrinia scabiosaefolia	(Zhang et al., 2020)
11	HepG2	15.1 μg/ ml	Cupressus macrocarpa	(Al-Sayed et al., 2020)
23	SK-MEL-2	42.86	Euonymus alatus	(Lee et al., 2016)
45	HeLa MNK-45	1.8, 2.3	Patrinia scabra	(Di et al., 2013)
H460, Hela, SKM-1, NB4, Z-138, GIST-T1	–	Patrinia scabiosaefolia	(Jiang et al., 2017)
46	HeLa MNK-45	2.7, 3.1	Patrinia scabra	(Di et al., 2013)
H460, H1975, H23, T24, Hela, A431, Du145, HCT116, SKM-1, MOLM-14, PF382, HEL, TMD8, JVM-2, Namalwa, Z-138, U-2 OS, GIST-T1	–	Patrinia scabiosaefolia	(Jiang et al., 2017)

Table 4. Lignans with cytotoxic activity

Compound numbers

Cancer cell line

IC₅₀ (μM)

Source

Ref.

MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7); SK-MEL-2 (Human skin melanoma cells); A549/ H1975 (Human lung cancer cells); HCT-116 (Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells); HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells); HeLa (Human cervical carcinoma cell line); MNK-45 (Human gastric cancer cells); H460 (Human large-cell lung cancer cells); SKM-1 (Human acute myeloid leukemia cells); NB4 (Human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells); Z-138 (mature B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line); GIST-T1 (Human gastrointestinal stromal tumor cell line); H23 (Human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line); T24 (Human urinary bladder cancer cells); A431 (human epidermoid carcinoma cell line); Du145 (human prostate cancer cell); MOLM-14 (Myeloid leukemia cells); PF382 (human malignant T lymphoblast); HEL (Human Erythroleukemia Cell Line); TMD8/ JVM-2 (Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line); Namalwa (Human Burkitt’s lymphoma cells); U-2 OS (Human osteosarcoma cell line).

MCF-7

21.08 ± 1.01µg/ml

Porodaedalea pini

(Deveci et al., 2019)

SK-MEL-2

37.96

Euonymus alatus

(Lee et al., 2016)

A549

>100

Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus

(Ma et al., 2020)

SK-MEL-2

23.24

Euonymus alatus

(Lee et al., 2016)

HCT-116

41.92

Patrinia scabiosaefolia

(Zhang et al., 2020)

HepG2

15.1 μg/ ml

Cupressus macrocarpa

(Al-Sayed et al., 2020)

SK-MEL-2

42.86

Euonymus alatus

(Lee et al., 2016)

HeLa MNK-45

1.8, 2.3

Patrinia scabra

(Di et al., 2013)

H460, Hela, SKM-1, NB4, Z-138, GIST-T1

–

Patrinia scabiosaefolia

(Jiang et al., 2017)

HeLa MNK-45

2.7, 3.1

Patrinia scabra

(Di et al., 2013)

H460, H1975, H23, T24, Hela, A431, Du145, HCT116, SKM-1, MOLM-14, PF382, HEL, TMD8, JVM-2, Namalwa, Z-138, U-2 OS, GIST-T1

–

Patrinia scabiosaefolia

(Jiang et al., 2017)

**Table 5.** Lignans with other activity
Activities	Compound numberss	Methods	IC₅₀ (μM)	Source	Ref.
AChE (Acetylcholinesterase); BChE (Butyrylcholinesterase); MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration); RBL-2H3 (Rat basophil leukemia cell line); HT-22 (Mouse hippocampal neurons cell); CCL₄ (Carbon tetrachloride); MC3T3-E1 (Mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells).
Enzyme inhibition	1	Anti-cholinesterase	AChE (13.73 ± 0.85%)	Porodaedalea pini	(Deveci et al., 2019)
BChE (80.02 ± 0.73%)
lipoxygenase inhibitory	15.2,	Piper stylosum	(Salleh et al., 2019)
2	lipoxygenase inhibitory	24.0	Piper stylosum	(Salleh et al., 2019)
3	InhibitUDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and 1A3	24.3, 26.6	Magnoliae	(Park et al., 2021)
4	lipoxygenase inhibitory	18.5	Piper stylosum	(Salleh et al., 2019)
α-Amylase Inhibitory	–	Catunaregam spinosa	(Timalsina et al., 2021)
27	Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β	1	Taxus yunnanensis	(Ohtsuki et al., 2012)
29	Dipeptid peptidase 4	49.2 ± 7.0% (inhibition rate)	Abies alba	(Lunder et al., 2019)
37	tyrosinase inhibitory	15.92 ± 0.70	Castanea henryi	(Wu et al., 2012)
The inhibitory on the release of β-hexosaminidase from RBL-2H3 cells	52.3 ± 0.9	Pinus thunbergii	(Hong et al., 2014)
	1	ameliorated memory impairment in dementia model induced by cholinergic blockade	25 mg/kg	–	(Yu et al., 2019)
16	Inhibition of self-induced Aβ aggregation	57.57–65.53% (inhibition range)	Patrinina villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
17
23
24
26
Neuroprotective lignans	11	preventing LOHP-induced peripheral neuropathy	–	Forsythia	(Yi et al., 2019)
16	Neuroprotection	50–100% (viability of cells)	Patrinina villosa	(Liu et al., 2015)
23
27
28
29	the neuroprotective activity against the injury of HT-22 cells induced by L-Glutamate in vitro	–	Selaginella picta	(Cheng et al., 2020)
Anti-bacterial	3	inhibited the growth of H. pylori	–	–	(Yang et al., 2018)
14	Anti-Candida albicans	25 μg/ml (MIC)	Partrinia scabiosaefolia	(Li et al., 2003)
Anti-Escherichia coli O157	–	–	(Lee et al., 2016)
21	Anti-pathogens Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1621 and Escherichia coli O157:H7.	125∼250 μg/ml (MIC)	Rubia philippinensis	(Hwang et al., 2011)
Anti-Candida albicans Anti-Trichosporon beigelii Anti-Malassezia furfur	25, 12.5, 25 μg/ml (MIC)	Sambucus williamsii	(Bajpai, Shukla, et al., 2017)
33	Anti-trichomoniasis vaginalis	17.57	Maytenus phyllanthoides	(Moo-Puc et al., 2014)
Hepatoprotection	1	Improve nonalcoholic fatty	–	Lysimachia vulgaris	(Kim et al., 2019)
liver disease
5	Improve the hepatotoxicity model induced by CCl₄	50 mg/kg	Prunus domestica	(Timalsina et al., 2021)
11	Prevent hepatocyte apoptosis		–	(Yang and Wang, 2022)
Anti-diabetic	5	Inhibition of α-glucosidase	48.13 μg/ml	Prunus domestica	(Timalsina et al., 2021)
11	Inhibition of DPPH-4	–	–	(Yang and Wang, 2022)
lipid-lowering	3	impairs adipogenic differentiation	–	–	(Nam et al., 2018)
Anti-osteoporosis	1	promotes MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation	–	–	(Jiang et al., 2019)
Anti-malarial	1	Anti-malarial	24.2	Morinda morindoides	(Hashim et al., 2021)
Anti-complementary	4	complement inhibitors	0.07–0.82 mM	Anchusa italica	(Hou et al., 2017)
Estrogenic properties	7	Estrogenic properties	–	Eucommia ulmoides	(Wang et al., 2011)
Anti-fibrosis	13	Attenuating on Bleomycin-Induced Dermal Fibrosis	–	Pinus sylvestris	(Pemmari et al., 2018)
plant growth inhibitors	21	plant growth inhibitors	–	Prosopis juliflora	(Nakano et al., 2002)
Cytoprotection	37	reduce acetaminophen-induced HepG2 cell injury	30.5∼46.0% (inhibition rate)	Litsea cubeba	(Wang et al., 2017)

Table 5. Lignans with other activity

Activities

Compound numberss

Methods

IC₅₀ (μM)

Source

Ref.

AChE (Acetylcholinesterase); BChE (Butyrylcholinesterase); MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration); RBL-2H3 (Rat basophil leukemia cell line); HT-22 (Mouse hippocampal neurons cell); CCL₄ (Carbon tetrachloride); MC3T3-E1 (Mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells).

Enzyme inhibition

Anti-cholinesterase

AChE (13.73 ± 0.85%)

Porodaedalea pini

(Deveci et al., 2019)

BChE (80.02 ± 0.73%)

lipoxygenase inhibitory

15.2,

Piper stylosum

(Salleh et al., 2019)

lipoxygenase inhibitory

24.0

Piper stylosum

(Salleh et al., 2019)

InhibitUDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and 1A3

24.3, 26.6

Magnoliae

(Park et al., 2021)

lipoxygenase inhibitory

18.5

Piper stylosum

(Salleh et al., 2019)

α-Amylase Inhibitory

–

Catunaregam spinosa

(Timalsina et al., 2021)

Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β

Taxus yunnanensis

(Ohtsuki et al., 2012)

Dipeptid peptidase 4

49.2 ± 7.0% (inhibition rate)

Abies alba

(Lunder et al., 2019)

tyrosinase inhibitory

15.92 ± 0.70

Castanea henryi

(Wu et al., 2012)

The inhibitory on the release of β-hexosaminidase from RBL-2H3 cells

52.3 ± 0.9

Pinus thunbergii

(Hong et al., 2014)

ameliorated memory impairment in dementia model induced by cholinergic blockade

25 mg/kg

–

(Yu et al., 2019)

Inhibition of self-induced Aβ aggregation

57.57–65.53% (inhibition range)

Patrinina villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

Neuroprotective lignans

preventing LOHP-induced peripheral neuropathy

–

Forsythia

(Yi et al., 2019)

Neuroprotection

50–100% (viability of cells)

Patrinina villosa

(Liu et al., 2015)

the neuroprotective activity against the injury of HT-22 cells induced by L-Glutamate in vitro

–

Selaginella picta

(Cheng et al., 2020)

Anti-bacterial

inhibited the growth of H. pylori

–

(Yang et al., 2018)

Anti-Candida albicans

25 μg/ml (MIC)

Partrinia scabiosaefolia

(Li et al., 2003)

Anti-Escherichia coli O157

–

(Lee et al., 2016)

Anti-pathogens Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1621 and Escherichia coli O157:H7.

125∼250 μg/ml (MIC)

Rubia philippinensis

(Hwang et al., 2011)

Anti-Candida albicans Anti-Trichosporon beigelii Anti-Malassezia furfur

25, 12.5, 25 μg/ml (MIC)

Sambucus williamsii

(Bajpai, Shukla, et al., 2017)

Anti-trichomoniasis vaginalis

17.57

Maytenus phyllanthoides

(Moo-Puc et al., 2014)

Hepatoprotection

Improve nonalcoholic fatty

–

Lysimachia vulgaris

(Kim et al., 2019)

liver disease

Improve the hepatotoxicity model induced by CCl₄

50 mg/kg

Prunus domestica

(Timalsina et al., 2021)

Prevent hepatocyte apoptosis

–

(Yang and Wang, 2022)

Anti-diabetic

Inhibition of α-glucosidase

48.13 μg/ml

Prunus domestica

(Timalsina et al., 2021)

Inhibition of DPPH-4

–

(Yang and Wang, 2022)

lipid-lowering

impairs adipogenic differentiation

–

(Nam et al., 2018)

Anti-osteoporosis

promotes MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation

–

(Jiang et al., 2019)

Anti-malarial

24.2

Morinda morindoides

(Hashim et al., 2021)

Anti-complementary

complement inhibitors

0.07–0.82 mM

Anchusa italica

(Hou et al., 2017)

Estrogenic properties

–

Eucommia ulmoides

(Wang et al., 2011)

Anti-fibrosis

Attenuating on Bleomycin-Induced Dermal Fibrosis

–

Pinus sylvestris

(Pemmari et al., 2018)

plant growth inhibitors

–

Prosopis juliflora

(Nakano et al., 2002)

Cytoprotection

reduce acetaminophen-induced HepG2 cell injury

30.5∼46.0% (inhibition rate)

Litsea cubeba

(Wang et al., 2017)