J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 22, June 2023, pages 1-4

A commentary on millets for enhancing agri-economy, nutrition, environmental, and sustainable development goals

**Table 1.** Nutrient composition of Sorghum and Millet grains (per 100g of edible grains at 12% moisture content)*
Millet	Energy(kcal)	CHO (g)	Protein (g)**	Fat (g)	CF (g)	Calcium (mg)	Iron (mg)	Niacin (mg)
Abbreviations are CHO-carbohydrates; CF-crude fiber, (Source: Data adapted from reference FAO, 1995); *Composition differs among varieties. Protein based on percent nitrogen ×6.25. True protein digestibility ∼80%; Estimated nitrogen to protein conversion factor is approximately 5.7, as for typical cereal grains.
Sorghum	329	70.7	10.4	3.1	2.0	25	5.4	4.3
Pearl millet	363	67.0	11.8	4.8	2.3	42	11.0	2.8
Finger millet	336	72.6	7.7	1.5	3.6	350	3.9	1.1
Foxtail millet	351	63.2	11.2	4.0	6.7	31	2.8	3.2
Proso millet	364	63.8	12.5	3.5	5.2	8	2.9	4.5
Little millet	329	60.9	9.7	5.2	7.6	17	9.3	3.2
Kodo millet	353	66.6	9.8	3.6	5.2	35	1.7	2.0
Barnyard millet	300	55.0	11.0	3.9	13.6	22	18.6	4.2

Table 1. Nutrient composition of Sorghum and Millet grains (per 100g of edible grains at 12% moisture content)*

Millet

Energy(kcal)

CHO (g)

Protein (g)**

Fat (g)

CF (g)

Calcium (mg)

Iron (mg)

Niacin (mg)

*Abbreviations are CHO-carbohydrates; CF-crude fiber, (Source: Data adapted from reference FAO, 1995); **Composition differs among varieties. Protein based on percent nitrogen ×6.25. True protein digestibility ∼80%; Estimated nitrogen to protein conversion factor is approximately 5.7, as for typical cereal grains.

Sorghum

329

70.7

10.4

3.1

2.0

5.4

4.3

Pearl millet

363

67.0

11.8

4.8

2.3

11.0

2.8

Finger millet

336

72.6

7.7

1.5

3.6

350

3.9

1.1

Foxtail millet

351

63.2

11.2

4.0

6.7

2.8

3.2

Proso millet

364

63.8

12.5

3.5

5.2

2.9

4.5

Little millet

329

60.9

9.7

5.2

7.6

9.3

3.2

Kodo millet

353

66.6

9.8

3.6

5.2

1.7

2.0

Barnyard millet

300

55.0

11.0

3.9

13.6

18.6

4.2

**Table 2.** Bioactive Phenolics and Flavonoids in Millets
Millet Types	Bioactives	References
Finger	caffeic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, trans-ferulic acid, proanthocyanidins, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid	Devi et al, 2014; Pradeep and Sreerama, 2015; Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandraeskara, 2013
Foxtail	apigenin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, kaempferol, myricetin, naringenin, protocatechuic acid, rutin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid	Pradeep and Sreerama, 2015; Zhang and Liu, 2015; Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandraeskara, 2013
Kodo	chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic acid,	Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandreskara, 2013
Pearl	apigenin, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid	Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandraeskara, 2013
Proso	apigenin, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, kaempferol, myricetin, naringenin, protocatechuic acid, rutin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid	Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandrasekara, 2013

Table 2. Bioactive Phenolics and Flavonoids in Millets

Millet Types

Bioactives

References

Finger

caffeic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, trans-ferulic acid, proanthocyanidins, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid

Devi et al, 2014; Pradeep and Sreerama, 2015; Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandraeskara, 2013

Foxtail

apigenin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, kaempferol, myricetin, naringenin, protocatechuic acid, rutin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid

Pradeep and Sreerama, 2015; Zhang and Liu, 2015; Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandraeskara, 2013

Kodo

chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic acid,

Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandreskara, 2013

Pearl

apigenin, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid

Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandraeskara, 2013

Proso

apigenin, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, kaempferol, myricetin, naringenin, protocatechuic acid, rutin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid

Chandrasekara and Shahidi, 2011; Shahidi and Chandrasekara, 2013