J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 11, September 2020, pages 13-30

Composition, polyphenol bioavailability, and health benefits of aronia berry: a review

Figure 1. Overview of cyanidin-3-galactoside metabolism, adapted from de Ferrars et al. (2014). Cyanidin-3-galactoside undergoes methylation by the host to form peonidin-3-galactoside, or is hydrolyzed and glucoronidated. Anthyocyanins are subsequently hydrolyzed in host tissue or by the gut microbiota into phenolic acids. Phenolic catabolites can undergo enterohepatic circulation and are subjected to further host metabolism prior to excretion.

**Table 1.** Aronia berry and juice sugar content and profile
Sugar	Mass in fruit (g/100 g fwb)	Mass in juice (g/100mL)
Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis. ^†Data not available in literature. ^aOchmian et al., 2012. ^bDenev et al., 2018. ^cMayer-Miebach et al., 2012. ^dŠnebergrová et al., 2014. ^eSosnowska et al., 2015. ^fHandeland et al. 2014. ^gVázquez-Espinosa et al. 2019.
total sugars	6.21–42.10^a,g	8.9–19.6^e,f
fructose	2.2–15.8^b	1.5–4.1^e,f
glucose	1.09–5.7^c,d	1.5–4.2^e,f
sorbitol	4.36–12.99^c,b	3.5–7.7^e
sucrose	0.07–1.53^b,d	0.03–6.8^e,f
inositol	0.0684^g	–^†
maltose	0.0496^g	–
glycerol	0.00983^g	–

Table 1. Aronia berry and juice sugar content and profile

Sugar

Mass in fruit (g/100 g fwb)

Mass in juice (g/100mL)

Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis. ^†Data not available in literature. ^aOchmian et al., 2012. ^bDenev et al., 2018. ^cMayer-Miebach et al., 2012. ^dŠnebergrová et al., 2014. ^eSosnowska et al., 2015. ^fHandeland et al. 2014. ^gVázquez-Espinosa et al. 2019.

total sugars

6.21–42.10^a,g

8.9–19.6^e,f

fructose

2.2–15.8^b

1.5–4.1^e,f

glucose

1.09–5.7^c,d

1.5–4.2^e,f

sorbitol

4.36–12.99^c,b

3.5–7.7^e

sucrose

0.07–1.53^b,d

0.03–6.8^e,f

inositol

0.0684^g

–^†

maltose

0.0496^g

–

glycerol

0.00983^g

–

**Table 2.** Aronia berry pomace fiber content
Fiber	Mass in pomace (g/100 g dwb)
Abbreviations: dwb, dry weight basis. ^aSchmid et al., 2020. ^bNawirska and Uklańska, 2008.
total fiber	57.8–71.6^a
insoluble fiber	43.8–61.7^a
soluble fiber (high molecular weight)	7.3–15.1^a
soluble fiber (low molecular weight)	0.8–2.6^a
lignin	22.68^b
cellulose	34.56^b
total pectin	7.52^b
hemicellulose	32.08^b

Table 2. Aronia berry pomace fiber content

Fiber

Mass in pomace (g/100 g dwb)

Abbreviations: dwb, dry weight basis. ^aSchmid et al., 2020. ^bNawirska and Uklańska, 2008.

total fiber

57.8–71.6^a

insoluble fiber

43.8–61.7^a

soluble fiber (high molecular weight)

7.3–15.1^a

soluble fiber (low molecular weight)

0.8–2.6^a

lignin

22.68^b

cellulose

34.56^b

total pectin

7.52^b

hemicellulose

32.08^b

**Table 3.** Protein content and amino acid profile of aronia berry and pomace
Protein or amino acid	Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)	Pomace (mg/100 g dwb)
Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis; ND, not detected. ^aLancrajan, 2012. ^bSójka et al., 2013. ^cHwang and Thi, 2016. ^dPieszka et al., 2015.
total protein	700^a	4,900–24,000^b
aspartic acid (mg)	0.01–0.035^c	0.891^d
glutamic acid (mg)	0.04–0.029^c	1.979^d
serine (mg)	0.023–0.039^c	0.368^d
histidine (mg)	0.007–0.008^c	0.247^d
glycine (mg)	0.009–0.018^c	0.638^d
threonine (mg)	0.033–0.039^c	0.298^d
arginine (mg)	0.01–0.013^c	0.791^d
alanine (mg)	0.015–0.022^c	0.41^d
tyrosine (mg)	0.003–0.006^c	0.247^d
valine (mg)	0.021–0.025^c	0.421^d
methionine (mg)	ND–0.001^c	0.177^d
phenylalanine (mg)	0.004–0.006^c	0.43^d
isoleucine (mg)	0.008–0.012^c	0.378^d
leucine (mg)	0.007–0.01^c	0.686^d

Table 3. Protein content and amino acid profile of aronia berry and pomace

Protein or amino acid

Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)

Pomace (mg/100 g dwb)

Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis; ND, not detected. ^aLancrajan, 2012. ^bSójka et al., 2013. ^cHwang and Thi, 2016. ^dPieszka et al., 2015.

total protein

700^a

4,900–24,000^b

aspartic acid (mg)

0.01–0.035^c

0.891^d

glutamic acid (mg)

0.04–0.029^c

1.979^d

serine (mg)

0.023–0.039^c

0.368^d

histidine (mg)

0.007–0.008^c

0.247^d

glycine (mg)

0.009–0.018^c

0.638^d

threonine (mg)

0.033–0.039^c

0.298^d

arginine (mg)

0.01–0.013^c

0.791^d

alanine (mg)

0.015–0.022^c

0.41^d

tyrosine (mg)

0.003–0.006^c

0.247^d

valine (mg)

0.021–0.025^c

0.421^d

methionine (mg)

ND–0.001^c

0.177^d

phenylalanine (mg)

0.004–0.006^c

0.43^d

isoleucine (mg)

0.008–0.012^c

0.378^d

leucine (mg)

0.007–0.01^c

0.686^d

**Table 4.** Lipid content and profile of aronia berry fruit and pomace.
Lipid component	Fruit (%)^†	Pomace (%)^†	Seed oil (g/kg)^†
Abbreviations: CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid; UFA, unsaturated fatty acid; ND, not detected; tr, less than 0.1 g/kg; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid. ^†Total fat on fresh weight basis. ^‡Data not available in literature. ^aLancrajan, 2012. ^bSójka et al., 2013. ^cPieszka et al., 2015. ^dZlatanov, 1999.
total fat	0.14^a	2.9–13^b	–
phospholids	–	–	2.8^d
sterols	–	–	1.2^d
tocopherols	–	–	0.0555^d
fatty acid
C8:0	–	0.02^c	–
C12:0	–	0.07^c	ND^d
C14:0	–	0.12^c	tr^d
C16:0	–	5.48^c	5.1^d
C16:1	–	0.19^c	tr^d
C18:0	–	1.71^c	1.1^d
C18:1	–	16.38^c	21.4^d
C18:2	–	43.43^c	71.1^d
Gamma 18:3	–	0.03^c	–
C18:3	–	29.78^c	0.5^d
CLA c9-t11	–	0.01^c	–
C18:4	–	0.02^c	–
C20:0	–	1.52^c	ND^d
C20:1	–	0.33^c	–
C20:2	–	0.14^c	–
C22:0	–	0.59^c	0.8^d
C22:5	–	0.17^c	–
SFA	–	9.51^c	0.7^d
UFA	–	90.49^c	–
PUFA n-6	–	43.6^c	–
PUFA n-3	–	29.97^c	–
PUFA n-6/n-3	–	1.45^c	–

Table 4. Lipid content and profile of aronia berry fruit and pomace.

Lipid component

Fruit (%)^†

Pomace (%)^†

Seed oil (g/kg)^†

Abbreviations: CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid; UFA, unsaturated fatty acid; ND, not detected; tr, less than 0.1 g/kg; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid. ^†Total fat on fresh weight basis. ^‡Data not available in literature. ^aLancrajan, 2012. ^bSójka et al., 2013. ^cPieszka et al., 2015. ^dZlatanov, 1999.

total fat

0.14^a

2.9–13^b

–

phospholids

–

2.8^d

sterols

–

1.2^d

tocopherols

–

0.0555^d

fatty acid

C8:0

–

0.02^c

–

C12:0

–

0.07^c

ND^d

C14:0

–

0.12^c

tr^d

C16:0

–

5.48^c

5.1^d

C16:1

–

0.19^c

tr^d

C18:0

–

1.71^c

1.1^d

C18:1

–

16.38^c

21.4^d

C18:2

–

43.43^c

71.1^d

Gamma 18:3

–

0.03^c

–

C18:3

–

29.78^c

0.5^d

CLA c9-t11

–

0.01^c

–

C18:4

–

0.02^c

–

C20:0

–

1.52^c

ND^d

C20:1

–

0.33^c

–

C20:2

–

0.14^c

–

C22:0

–

0.59^c

0.8^d

C22:5

–

0.17^c

–

SFA

–

9.51^c

0.7^d

UFA

–

90.49^c

–

PUFA n-6

–

43.6^c

–

PUFA n-3

–

29.97^c

–

PUFA n-6/n-3

–

1.45^c

–

**Table 5.** Micronutrient, nitrate/nitrite, and mineral content of aronia berry fruit
Component		Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)
Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis. ^aCatană et al., 2017. ^bLancrajan, 2012. ^cBorowska and Brzóska, 2016. ^dOchmain et al., 2012. ^ePavlović et al., 2015. ^fJuranović Cindrić et al., 2017. ^gŠnebergrová et al., 2014. ^hAsănică et al., 2019.
vitamins	vitamin C	7.25–98.75^a
	vitamin A	0.77^b
	vitamin E	0.008–0.031^c
	vitamin B2	0.873^h
	vitamin B5	2.845^h
	vitamin B6	1.132^h
	vitamin B7	0.615^h
nitrate/nitrite	nitrate	4.520–9.850^d
	nitrite	0.062–0.187^d
minerals	Na	0.427–1.18^e,f
	K	135–679^g,f
	Ca	11.9–116.7^g,e
	Mg	8.3–66.9^g,f
	P	23.9–95.6^e
	Zn	0.055–0.84^f,e
	Fe	0.132–1.42^f,e
	Se	0.0021–0.0028^f
	Cu	0.82–.211^f
	Mo	0.0016–0.0021^f
	Mn	0.132–1.789^f
	Ni	0.0143–0.0740^f
	V	0.0040–0.0158^f
	Si	0.237–0.637^f
	Cr	0.035–0.211^f
	Li	0.0016–0.0021^f
	Sr	0.132–1.789^f
	Al	0.288–0.440^f
	Sn	0.062–0.072^f
	As	0.020–0.036^f
	Cd	0.0016–0.0041^f
	Ba	0.148–0.666^f
	Pb	0.0048–0.0091^f
	Sb	ND-0.029^f
	Co	0.0019–0.0043^f
	B	0.288–1.422^f

Table 5. Micronutrient, nitrate/nitrite, and mineral content of aronia berry fruit

Component

Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)

Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis. ^aCatană et al., 2017. ^bLancrajan, 2012. ^cBorowska and Brzóska, 2016. ^dOchmain et al., 2012. ^ePavlović et al., 2015. ^fJuranović Cindrić et al., 2017. ^gŠnebergrová et al., 2014. ^hAsănică et al., 2019.

vitamins

vitamin C

7.25–98.75^a

vitamin A

0.77^b

vitamin E

0.008–0.031^c

vitamin B2

0.873^h

vitamin B5

2.845^h

vitamin B6

1.132^h

vitamin B7

0.615^h

nitrate/nitrite

nitrate

4.520–9.850^d

nitrite

0.062–0.187^d

minerals

0.427–1.18^e,f

135–679^g,f

11.9–116.7^g,e

8.3–66.9^g,f

23.9–95.6^e

0.055–0.84^f,e

0.132–1.42^f,e

0.0021–0.0028^f

0.82–.211^f

0.0016–0.0021^f

0.132–1.789^f

0.0143–0.0740^f

0.0040–0.0158^f

0.237–0.637^f

0.035–0.211^f

0.0016–0.0021^f

0.132–1.789^f

0.288–0.440^f

0.062–0.072^f

0.020–0.036^f

0.0016–0.0041^f

0.148–0.666^f

0.0048–0.0091^f

ND-0.029^f

0.0019–0.0043^f

0.288–1.422^f

**Table 6.** Organic acid content of aronia berry and juice
Acid	Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)	Mass in juice (mg/100 mL)
Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis. ^†Data not available in literature. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bMarkkinen et al., 2019. ^cŠnebergrová et al., 2014. ^dDjuric et al., 2015.
quinic acid	293–474^a	280^b
malic acid	308–350^a	708^b
ascorbic acid	56. 9–72.2^a	4^b
shikimic acid	8.76–8.99^a	6^b
citric acid	31.1–33.5^a	7^b
oxalic acid	3.21–3.39^a	–^†
succinic acid	7.08–7.48^a	–
fumaric acid	–	5.1–10.7^d
tartaric acid	–	32.1–207^d
isocitric acid	2.25–3.73^c	–

Table 6. Organic acid content of aronia berry and juice

Acid

Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)

Mass in juice (mg/100 mL)

Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis. ^†Data not available in literature. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bMarkkinen et al., 2019. ^cŠnebergrová et al., 2014. ^dDjuric et al., 2015.

quinic acid

293–474^a

280^b

malic acid

308–350^a

708^b

ascorbic acid

56. 9–72.2^a

4^b

shikimic acid

8.76–8.99^a

6^b

citric acid

31.1–33.5^a

7^b

oxalic acid

3.21–3.39^a

–^†

succinic acid

7.08–7.48^a

–

fumaric acid

–

5.1–10.7^d

tartaric acid

–

32.1–207^d

isocitric acid

2.25–3.73^c

–

**Table 7.** Anthocyanin content and profile of aronia berry, juice, and pomace
Anthocyanin	Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)	Mass in juice (mg/100 mL)	Mass in pomace (mg/100 g dwb)
Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bBorowska and Brzóska, 2016. ^cWangensteen et al., 2014. ^dHwang and Thi, 2016. ^eVeberic et al., 2015. ^fOszmiański and Lachowicz, 2016.
total anthocyanins	284–631^a
cyanidin-3-galactoside	126–990^b	87.4–94.0^a	4520–9760^f
cyanidin-3-glucoside	trace-21.5^b,c	10.2–13.5^a	21–225.8^f
cyanidin-3-arabinoside	52–392^c,d	24.7–58.6^a	1840–3120^f
cyanidin-3-xyloside	2.7–81.2^c,d	0.48–1.25^a	167–275^f
pelargonidin-3-arabinoside	5.04^e
cyanidin-3,5-hexoside-(epi)catechin			14.3^f
cyanidin-3-pentoside-(epi)catechin			7.26^f
cyanidin-3-hexoside-(epi)cat-(epi)cat			13.6^f

Table 7. Anthocyanin content and profile of aronia berry, juice, and pomace

Anthocyanin

Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)

Mass in juice (mg/100 mL)

Mass in pomace (mg/100 g dwb)

Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bBorowska and Brzóska, 2016. ^cWangensteen et al., 2014. ^dHwang and Thi, 2016. ^eVeberic et al., 2015. ^fOszmiański and Lachowicz, 2016.

total anthocyanins

284–631^a

cyanidin-3-galactoside

126–990^b

87.4–94.0^a

4520–9760^f

cyanidin-3-glucoside

trace-21.5^b,c

10.2–13.5^a

21–225.8^f

cyanidin-3-arabinoside

52–392^c,d

24.7–58.6^a

1840–3120^f

cyanidin-3-xyloside

2.7–81.2^c,d

0.48–1.25^a

167–275^f

pelargonidin-3-arabinoside

5.04^e

cyanidin-3,5-hexoside-(epi)catechin

14.3^f

cyanidin-3-pentoside-(epi)catechin

7.26^f

cyanidin-3-hexoside-(epi)cat-(epi)cat

13.6^f

**Table 8.** Tannin content and profile of aronia berry and pomace
Proanthocyanidin	Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)^†	Mass in pomace (mg/100 g dwb)^‡
Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis; –, data not available in literature. ^†Data for monomers through > 10-mers as (−)-epicatechin equivalents. ^‡Data for monomers through > 10-mers as (+)-catechin equivalents. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bDudonné et al., 2015. ^cOszmiański and Lachowicz, 2016.
total tannins	522–1000^a	6200–9720^c
monomers (total)	5.17^b	–
(−)-epicatechin	62.9–124^a	–
dimers	12.5^a	–
procyanidin B2	–	21.9–28.2^c
trimers	10.3^a	–
tetramers	0.7^a	–
pentamers	0.75^a	–
hexamers	1.04^a	–
heptamers	0.56^a	–
octamers	0.51^a	–
decamers	0.16^a	–
>10-mers	69^a

Table 8. Tannin content and profile of aronia berry and pomace

Proanthocyanidin

Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)^†

Mass in pomace (mg/100 g dwb)^‡

Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis; –, data not available in literature. ^†Data for monomers through > 10-mers as (−)-epicatechin equivalents. ^‡Data for monomers through > 10-mers as (+)-catechin equivalents. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bDudonné et al., 2015. ^cOszmiański and Lachowicz, 2016.

total tannins

522–1000^a

6200–9720^c

monomers (total)

5.17^b

–

(−)-epicatechin

62.9–124^a

–

dimers

12.5^a

–

procyanidin B2

–

21.9–28.2^c

trimers

10.3^a

–

tetramers

0.7^a

–

pentamers

0.75^a

–

hexamers

1.04^a

–

heptamers

0.56^a

–

octamers

0.51^a

–

decamers

0.16^a

–

>10-mers

69^a

**Table 9.** Flavonol content reported in aronia berry fruit, juice, and pomace
Flavonols	Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)	Mass in juice (mg/100 mL)	Mass in pomace (mg/100 g dwb)
Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis; –, data not available in literature. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bOchmian et al., 2012. ^cBorowska and Brzóska, 2016. ^dOszmiański and Lachowicz, 2016. ^eRodríguez-Werner et al., 2019. ^fTian et al., 2017.
quercetin-3-rutinoside	3.9–61.7^a	15.5–62.8^a	22.7–43.7^d
quercetin-3-glucoside	4.4–29.2^a,b	11.5–36.7^a	32.7–67.1^d
quercetin	6.5–30.2^a,c	6.8–8.2^a	–
quercetin-3-galactoside	6.6–30.2^a,c	–	49.0–102^d
quercetin-3-robinobioside	1.03–11.3^a	–	14.9^e
quercetin-3-vicianoside	2.6–4.3^a	–	19.6^e
isorhamnetin pentoside hexoside	1.12^f	–	–
isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside	1.16^f	–	–
isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside	0.83^f	–	–

Table 9. Flavonol content reported in aronia berry fruit, juice, and pomace

Flavonols

Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)

Mass in juice (mg/100 mL)

Mass in pomace (mg/100 g dwb)

Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis; –, data not available in literature. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bOchmian et al., 2012. ^cBorowska and Brzóska, 2016. ^dOszmiański and Lachowicz, 2016. ^eRodríguez-Werner et al., 2019. ^fTian et al., 2017.

quercetin-3-rutinoside

3.9–61.7^a

15.5–62.8^a

22.7–43.7^d

quercetin-3-glucoside

4.4–29.2^a,b

11.5–36.7^a

32.7–67.1^d

quercetin

6.5–30.2^a,c

6.8–8.2^a

–

quercetin-3-galactoside

6.6–30.2^a,c

–

49.0–102^d

quercetin-3-robinobioside

1.03–11.3^a

–

14.9^e

quercetin-3-vicianoside

2.6–4.3^a

–

19.6^e

isorhamnetin pentoside hexoside

1.12^f

–

isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside

1.16^f

–

isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside

0.83^f

–

**Table 10.** Phenolic acid content reported in aronia berry fruit, juice and pomace
Phenolic acid	Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)	Mass in juice (mg/100 mL)	Mass in pomace (mg/100 g dwb)
Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis; –, data not available in literature. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bOchmian et al., 2012. ^cHwang and Thi, 2016. ^dDudonné et al., 2015. ^eTian et al., 2017. ^fSosnowska et al., 2016. ^gPozderović et al., 2016. ^hValcheva-Kuzmanoca et al., 2013. ⁱWilkoska et al., 2017. ^jRodríguez-Werner et al., 2019. ^kSzop et al., 2013.
neochlorogenic acid	59–186^a,b	41.6–172^a,f	169^j
chlorogenic acid	17–188^a,c	88.6–139^a	204^j
caffeic acid	60–75^a,c	0.12–0.18^g	–
protocatechuic acid	0.77^d	2.49–5.74^f	–
vanillic acid	0.25–0.46^c	–	–
p-Coumaric acid	0.02^d	–	–
dicaffeoylquinic acid	3.74^e	–	–
ferulic acid	0.01^d	1.99^h	–
syringic acid	–	–	4.16^k
ellagic acid	1.57^d	–	–
gallic acid	–	0.004–0.69^h,i	–
salicylic acid	–	–	–

Table 10. Phenolic acid content reported in aronia berry fruit, juice and pomace

Phenolic acid

Mass in fruit (mg/100 g fwb)

Mass in juice (mg/100 mL)

Mass in pomace (mg/100 g dwb)

Abbreviations: fwb, fresh weight basis; dwb, dry weight basis; –, data not available in literature. ^aDenev et al., 2018. ^bOchmian et al., 2012. ^cHwang and Thi, 2016. ^dDudonné et al., 2015. ^eTian et al., 2017. ^fSosnowska et al., 2016. ^gPozderović et al., 2016. ^hValcheva-Kuzmanoca et al., 2013. ⁱWilkoska et al., 2017. ^jRodríguez-Werner et al., 2019. ^kSzop et al., 2013.

neochlorogenic acid

59–186^a,b

41.6–172^a,f

169^j

chlorogenic acid

17–188^a,c

88.6–139^a

204^j

caffeic acid

60–75^a,c

0.12–0.18^g

–

protocatechuic acid

0.77^d

2.49–5.74^f

–

vanillic acid

0.25–0.46^c

–

p-Coumaric acid

0.02^d

–

dicaffeoylquinic acid

3.74^e

–

ferulic acid

0.01^d

1.99^h

–

syringic acid

–

4.16^k

ellagic acid

1.57^d

–

gallic acid

–

0.004–0.69^h,i

–

salicylic acid

–

**Table 11.** Summary of aronia berry juice and extract polyphenol bioavailability to plasma
Source (dose)	Polyphenols	C_max (nM)	T_max (hours)	Participants	Reference
Data are means ± standard deviation, when available from primary data source.
aronia extract (500 mg)	protocatechuic acid	32.4 ± 6.5	1.00 ± 0.00	6 adults	Xie et al., 2016
	hippuric acid	12100 ± 2700	5.33 ± 0.67
	3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid	1270 ± 810	6.33 ± 1.45
	cyanidin-3-O-glucoside	122 ± 50	1.60 ± 0.24
	peonidin-3-O-galactoside	150 ± 98	2 67 ± 0.67
aronia extract (7.1 g)	total anthocyanins	96.1	2.8	3 male adults	Kay et al., 2005
	cyanidin 3-galactoside	23.4 ± 2.3	2.5 (2–3)
	cyanidin glucuronide	14.5 ± 4.0	2.0 (2)
	cyanidin 3-arabinoside	8.85 ± 0.50	3.5 (3–4)
	peonidin 3-galactoside	3.76 ± 0.78	4.0 (4)
	methylated cyanidin glucuronide	12.8 ± 0.4	2.5 (2–3)
	methylated cyanidin glucuronide	32.8 ± 10.9	2.5 (2–3)
aronia juice (0.8 mg of anthocyanins/g of body weight)	total anthocyanins	32.7	1.3 ± 0.1	13 adults	Wiczkowski et al., 2010
	cyanidin 3-galactoside	9.1	1
	cyanidin-3-O-glucoside	1.0	1
	cyanidin 3-arabinoside	2.2	1
	cyanidin glucuronide	4.4	2
	peonidin 3-galactoside	1.1	1
	peonidin monoglucuronide	16	2
	peonidin 3-arbinoside	1	0.5
	total metabolites	21.3	2

Table 11. Summary of aronia berry juice and extract polyphenol bioavailability to plasma

Source (dose)

Polyphenols

C_max (nM)

T_max (hours)

Participants

Reference

Data are means ± standard deviation, when available from primary data source.

aronia extract (500 mg)

protocatechuic acid

32.4 ± 6.5

1.00 ± 0.00

6 adults

Xie et al., 2016

hippuric acid

12100 ± 2700

5.33 ± 0.67

3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid

1270 ± 810

6.33 ± 1.45

cyanidin-3-O-glucoside

122 ± 50

1.60 ± 0.24

peonidin-3-O-galactoside

150 ± 98

2 67 ± 0.67

aronia extract (7.1 g)

total anthocyanins

96.1

2.8

3 male adults

Kay et al., 2005

cyanidin 3-galactoside

23.4 ± 2.3

2.5 (2–3)

cyanidin glucuronide

14.5 ± 4.0

2.0 (2)

cyanidin 3-arabinoside

8.85 ± 0.50

3.5 (3–4)

peonidin 3-galactoside

3.76 ± 0.78

4.0 (4)

methylated cyanidin glucuronide

12.8 ± 0.4

2.5 (2–3)

methylated cyanidin glucuronide

32.8 ± 10.9

2.5 (2–3)

aronia juice (0.8 mg of anthocyanins/g of body weight)

total anthocyanins

32.7

1.3 ± 0.1

13 adults

Wiczkowski et al., 2010

cyanidin 3-galactoside

9.1

cyanidin-3-O-glucoside

1.0

cyanidin 3-arabinoside

2.2

cyanidin glucuronide

4.4

peonidin 3-galactoside

1.1

peonidin monoglucuronide

peonidin 3-arbinoside

0.5

total metabolites

21.3

**Table 12.** Recent preclinical studies on aronia berry health benefits
Effect	Experimental model	Intervention	Outcomes	Reference
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ALDH, Aldehyde dehydrogenases; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BW, body weight; cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CLDN, claudin; COX2, Cyclooxygenase-2; DPP IV, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; FAS, fatty acid synthase; FDG, 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; HOMA-BCF, Homeostatic Model Assessment beta cell function; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; IC, inflammatory cocktail; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL-6, Interleukin 6; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; MDA, malondialdehyde; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MMP 2/9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/9; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; PPARγ_, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; rGSH, reduced glutathione; ROS, reactive oxygen species; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; WG, weight gain; ZO, zonula ocludens.
vascular health	spontaneously hypertensive rats	freeze-dried aronia berry in diet (10%), 25 days	blood pressure ↓, WG ↓, ACE activity in kidney ↓	Yamane et al., 2017
	L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats	aronia extract (57.90 mg/kg/day), 21 days	BW ↓, heart weight ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, conjugated dienes ↓, nitric oxide synthase ↑,	Cebova et al., 2017
	coronary artery endothelial cells	aronia extract (0.0001 – 100 mg/mL)	nitric oxide synthesis ↑, endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation ↑	Varela et al., 2015
brain health	adult rats	aronia juice (ad libitum), 30 days	anxiety like behaviors ↓	Tomić et al., 2016
	rat skeletal muscle cells, primary neuronal cells from prenatal rats, mice for in vivo MRI study	aonia berry extract in diet (50 mg/kg), applied to cells	skeletal muscle cells (hydrogen peroxide ↓) neuronal cells (inflammatory markers ↓) in vivo (BNDF↑)	Kim et al., 2019
	BV2 cells	ethanolic aronia extract (0.03 – 2 mg/mL)	nitric oxide ↓, COX-2 ↓, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓	Lee et al., 2018
	LPS-induced neural inflammation in mice	ethanolic aronia extract (50 mg/kg/day), 7 days	hippocampal damage ↓, neuroinflammaton ↓
	HT22 mouse hippocampal cells	aronia extract (10, 100 μg/mL); cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (1 or 10 μg/mL)	ROS ↓, intracellular calcium levels ↓, glutamate activity ↓	H. Y. Lee et al., 2017
	aged rats (24 mo.)	aronia juice (10 mL/kg, diluted 1:1 with water), 105 days	dentate gyrus ↔, density of nerve fibers ↑, acetylcholinesterase activity ↑	Daskalova et al., 2019
	scopolamine-induced memory impaired mice	aronia extract (200, 400 mg/kg); cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (50 mg/kg)	memory ↑, acetylcholinesterase ↓, brain-derived neurotropic factor ↑, cAMP-response element binding protein ↑	H. Y. Lee et al., 2016
metabolic function	diabetic KK-Ay mice	aronia juice (ad libitum), 28 days	BW ↓, blood glucose ↓, white adipose tissue ↓, DPP IV activity ↑, glucosidase activity in upper small intestine ↓,	Yamane et al., 2016
	high-sucrose, high-fat fed mice	aronia juice concentrate (1.44 g/kg diet), 12 weeks	High-sucrose diets: BW ↓, glucose ↑, insulin ↓, triglycerides ↓, adiponectin ↑, HOMA-IR ↑, HOMA-BCF ↑, FAS ↓, PPAR_Y ↑; High-fat diets: BW ↓, glucose ↓, insulin ↓, triglycerides ↓, adiponectin ↑, HOMA-IR ↑, HOMA-BCF ↑, FAS ↓, PPAR_Y ↑	Baum et al., 2016
	high-carbohydrate, high-fat fed rats	aronia juice (50 mg/kg diet), 8 weeks	adiposity index ↓, total body mass ↓, systolic blood pressure ↓, glucose tolerance ↑, liver function ↑, cardiovascular function ↑, inflammatory in heart/ liver ↓	Bhaswant et al., 2017
	high-fructose, high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemic mice	aronia powder (1% in diet), 10 weeks	WG ↓, central obesity ↓, liver weight ↓, epididymal fat ↓, triglycerides ↓, cholesterol ↓, LDL ↓, insulin resistance ↑	Jeong and Kim, 2019
	high-fat fed mice	lyophilized aronia powder (10% in diet), 28 days	liver weight ↔, total lipid level ↓, cholesterol ↓, triglycerides ↓, LDL ↓, mild fibrosis ↓, FABP1 ↓, FABP4 ↓	Yamane, Kozuka, Yamamoto, et al., 2016
cancer prevention	human liver cancer SK-Hep1 cells	aronia extract (0–200 μg/mL)	growth of cancer cells ↓, cell adhesion ↓, wound healing migration ↑, MMP-2/9 expression↓	Thi and Hwang, 2018
	human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231	catechol isolated from fermented aronia juice	proliferation formation ↓, mammosphere formation ↓, ALDH-expressing cell ↓, self-renewal-related genes ↓, mRNA transcripts , protein levels ↓	Choi et al., 2018
anti-bacterial	foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms	ethanol extracts of aronia berry	Gram-positive: B. cereus ↓, B. pumilus ↓, K. rhizophila ↓, L. monocytogenes ↓; Gram-negative: C. jejuni↓, S. Enteritidis ↓, E. coli ↓	Raudsepp et al., 2019
	foodborne pathogens	ethanol extract of aronia berry	Gram-positive: B. cereus ↓, S. aureus ↔ Gram-negative: S. entritidis ↔, C. sakazakii ↔	D.-H. Kim et al., 2018
colitis prevention	mice injected with syngeneic CD4⁺CD62L⁺ naïve T cells	lyophilized aronia berry (4.5% in diet), 7 weeks	colonic Treg ↑, IL-17A⁺IL-10⁺ ↑and IL-17A⁺IL-22⁺ ↑, CD4⁺ cells ↓, Verrucomicrobia ↓; Bacteroidetes ↑, Firmicutes ↑, Proteobacteria , colonic weight/length ratio ↓	Pei et al., 2018
	male Wistar rats with TNBS-induced colitis	aronia fruit juice (2.5, 5, and 10 mL/kg, 14 days	TNBS, colon shortening, colone weight ↑, inhibited colonic weight/length ratio , lesion extension ↓, adhesion score ↓, wall thickening ↓	Valcheva-Kuzmanova et al., 2018
	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with (TNF-α)	aronia berry extract	TNF-α-induced moncyte/endothelia adhesion ↓, VCAM-1 ↓, ICAM-1 ↔, STAT3 ↓ IRF1 ↓, NF-κB ↔	Iwashima et al., 2019
	mice injected with CD4+CD62L+ naïve T cells to induced colitis	lyophilized aronia berry (4.5% in diet), 5 weeks	colon weight/length ratio ↓, FDG uptake in spleen, liver and lungs ↓, TNF-α ↓, IFN-γ ↓, prevention of rGSH from ↓, GPx,activity ↔, splenic mitochondrial H₂O₂ ↓	Pei et al., 2019
	Caco-2 cells with IC	whole Aronia berry powder (0.5–10 mg/mL)	Inhibited loss of TEER, prevented IC- induced barrier permeability, inhibited CLDN1, ZO-1 ↓	Valdez et al., 2020

Table 12. Recent preclinical studies on aronia berry health benefits

Effect

Experimental model

Intervention

Outcomes

Reference

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ALDH, Aldehyde dehydrogenases; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BW, body weight; cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CLDN, claudin; COX2, Cyclooxygenase-2; DPP IV, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; FAS, fatty acid synthase; FDG, 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; HOMA-BCF, Homeostatic Model Assessment beta cell function; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; IC, inflammatory cocktail; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL-6, Interleukin 6; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; MDA, malondialdehyde; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MMP 2/9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/9; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; PPARγ_, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; rGSH, reduced glutathione; ROS, reactive oxygen species; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; WG, weight gain; ZO, zonula ocludens.

vascular health

spontaneously hypertensive rats

freeze-dried aronia berry in diet (10%), 25 days

blood pressure ↓, WG ↓, ACE activity in kidney ↓

Yamane et al., 2017

L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats

aronia extract (57.90 mg/kg/day), 21 days

BW ↓, heart weight ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, conjugated dienes ↓, nitric oxide synthase ↑,

Cebova et al., 2017

coronary artery endothelial cells

aronia extract (0.0001 – 100 mg/mL)

nitric oxide synthesis ↑, endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation ↑

Varela et al., 2015

brain health

adult rats

aronia juice (ad libitum), 30 days

anxiety like behaviors ↓

Tomić et al., 2016

rat skeletal muscle cells, primary neuronal cells from prenatal rats, mice for in vivo MRI study

aonia berry extract in diet (50 mg/kg), applied to cells

skeletal muscle cells (hydrogen peroxide ↓) neuronal cells (inflammatory markers ↓) in vivo (BNDF↑)

Kim et al., 2019

BV2 cells

ethanolic aronia extract (0.03 – 2 mg/mL)

nitric oxide ↓, COX-2 ↓, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓

Lee et al., 2018

LPS-induced neural inflammation in mice

ethanolic aronia extract (50 mg/kg/day), 7 days

hippocampal damage ↓, neuroinflammaton ↓

HT22 mouse hippocampal cells

aronia extract (10, 100 μg/mL); cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (1 or 10 μg/mL)

ROS ↓, intracellular calcium levels ↓, glutamate activity ↓

H. Y. Lee et al., 2017

aged rats (24 mo.)

aronia juice (10 mL/kg, diluted 1:1 with water), 105 days

dentate gyrus ↔, density of nerve fibers ↑, acetylcholinesterase activity ↑

Daskalova et al., 2019

scopolamine-induced memory impaired mice

aronia extract (200, 400 mg/kg); cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (50 mg/kg)

memory ↑, acetylcholinesterase ↓, brain-derived neurotropic factor ↑, cAMP-response element binding protein ↑

H. Y. Lee et al., 2016

metabolic function

diabetic KK-Ay mice

aronia juice (ad libitum), 28 days

BW ↓, blood glucose ↓, white adipose tissue ↓, DPP IV activity ↑, glucosidase activity in upper small intestine ↓,

Yamane et al., 2016

high-sucrose, high-fat fed mice

aronia juice concentrate (1.44 g/kg diet), 12 weeks

High-sucrose diets: BW ↓, glucose ↑, insulin ↓, triglycerides ↓, adiponectin ↑, HOMA-IR ↑, HOMA-BCF ↑, FAS ↓, PPAR_Y ↑; High-fat diets: BW ↓, glucose ↓, insulin ↓, triglycerides ↓, adiponectin ↑, HOMA-IR ↑, HOMA-BCF ↑, FAS ↓, PPAR_Y ↑

Baum et al., 2016

high-carbohydrate, high-fat fed rats

aronia juice (50 mg/kg diet), 8 weeks

adiposity index ↓, total body mass ↓, systolic blood pressure ↓, glucose tolerance ↑, liver function ↑, cardiovascular function ↑, inflammatory in heart/ liver ↓

Bhaswant et al., 2017

high-fructose, high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemic mice

aronia powder (1% in diet), 10 weeks

WG ↓, central obesity ↓, liver weight ↓, epididymal fat ↓, triglycerides ↓, cholesterol ↓, LDL ↓, insulin resistance ↑

Jeong and Kim, 2019

high-fat fed mice

lyophilized aronia powder (10% in diet), 28 days

liver weight ↔, total lipid level ↓, cholesterol ↓, triglycerides ↓, LDL ↓, mild fibrosis ↓, FABP1 ↓, FABP4 ↓

Yamane, Kozuka, Yamamoto, et al., 2016

cancer prevention

human liver cancer SK-Hep1 cells

aronia extract (0–200 μg/mL)

growth of cancer cells ↓, cell adhesion ↓, wound healing migration ↑, MMP-2/9 expression↓

Thi and Hwang, 2018

human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231

catechol isolated from fermented aronia juice

proliferation formation ↓, mammosphere formation ↓, ALDH-expressing cell ↓, self-renewal-related genes ↓, mRNA transcripts , protein levels ↓

Choi et al., 2018

anti-bacterial

foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms

ethanol extracts of aronia berry

Gram-positive: B. cereus ↓, B. pumilus ↓, K. rhizophila ↓, L. monocytogenes ↓; Gram-negative: C. jejuni↓, S. Enteritidis ↓, E. coli ↓

Raudsepp et al., 2019

foodborne pathogens

ethanol extract of aronia berry

Gram-positive: B. cereus ↓, S. aureus ↔ Gram-negative: S. entritidis ↔, C. sakazakii ↔

D.-H. Kim et al., 2018

colitis prevention

mice injected with syngeneic CD4⁺CD62L⁺ naïve T cells

lyophilized aronia berry (4.5% in diet), 7 weeks

colonic Treg ↑, IL-17A⁺IL-10⁺ ↑and IL-17A⁺IL-22⁺ ↑, CD4⁺ cells ↓, Verrucomicrobia ↓; Bacteroidetes ↑, Firmicutes ↑, Proteobacteria , colonic weight/length ratio ↓

Pei et al., 2018

male Wistar rats with TNBS-induced colitis

aronia fruit juice (2.5, 5, and 10 mL/kg, 14 days

TNBS, colon shortening, colone weight ↑, inhibited colonic weight/length ratio , lesion extension ↓, adhesion score ↓, wall thickening ↓

Valcheva-Kuzmanova et al., 2018

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with (TNF-α)

aronia berry extract

TNF-α-induced moncyte/endothelia adhesion ↓, VCAM-1 ↓, ICAM-1 ↔, STAT3 ↓ IRF1 ↓, NF-κB ↔

Iwashima et al., 2019

mice injected with CD4+CD62L+ naïve T cells to induced colitis

lyophilized aronia berry (4.5% in diet), 5 weeks

colon weight/length ratio ↓, FDG uptake in spleen, liver and lungs ↓, TNF-α ↓, IFN-γ ↓, prevention of rGSH from ↓, GPx,activity ↔, splenic mitochondrial H₂O₂ ↓

Pei et al., 2019

Caco-2 cells with IC

whole Aronia berry powder (0.5–10 mg/mL)

Inhibited loss of TEER, prevented IC- induced barrier permeability, inhibited CLDN1, ZO-1 ↓

Valdez et al., 2020

**Table 13.** Recent human intervention studies with aronia berry interventions
Participants	Design	Treatment	Outcomes	References
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; IL-10, Interleukin-10; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; TAG, triglycerides; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha.
healthy men (n = 66)	double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT	(poly)phenol-rich extract (116 mg, equivalent to 75 g berries), whole fruit powder (12 mg, equivalent to 10 g berries), 12 weeks	Extract: flow-mediated dilation ↑, plasma phenolic metabolites ↑, gut microbiota diversity ↔, Anaerostipes: genus ↑, Bacteroides ↑; Powder: flow-mediated dilation ↔, plasma phenolic metabolites ↑, Anaerostipes genus ↑, Bacteroides ↑	Istas et al., 2019
adults with mildly elevated hypertension (n = 66)	single-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT	aronia juice (300 mL/d), oven-dried aronia powder (3 g/d)	blood pressure ↓, low-grade inflammation (TNF-α, IL-10) ↓ , serum lipids ↔, serum glucose ↔	Loo et al., 2016
adolescents with metabolic syntdrome (n = 77)	open-label	aronia extract (3 × 100 mg/day), 8 weeks	total cholesterol ↓, LDL ↓, triacylglycerol ↓, HDL ↑, lipid peroxidation ↓, acetylcholinesterase ↓, oxidative stress ↓	Duchnowicz et al., 2018
former smokers (n = 49)	single-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT	aronia extract (500 mg/day), 12 weeks	Total cholesterol ↓, LDL ↓, LDL receptor proteins ↓, blood pressure ↔, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers ↔	Xie et al., 2017
healthy, adult handball players (n = 32)	double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT	aronia juice (100 mL/d),	Men: lipid peroxidation ↓, oleic acid ↓, α-linolenic acid↓, TAG ↓, TBARS ↓; Women: lipid peroxidation ↔, TAG ↑ TBARS ↔	Petrovic et al., 2016
adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 35)	open-label	aronia juice (50 mL × 3/d), 3 months	glucose ↓, glycated hemoglobin ↓, total cholesterol ↓, LDL ↓, HDL ↔, triglycerides ↓, high sensitive C-reactive protein ↑, blood urea ↓, creatinine ↔, BMI ↔, systolic blood pressure ↔, diastolic blood pressure ↔	Milutinović et al., 2019
healthy, adult runners (n = 10)	double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT	aronia juice (200 mL with breakfast prior to running a half-marathon)	platelet-monocyte aggregates ↓, platelet-neutrophil aggregates ↓	Stevanović et al., 2019

Table 13. Recent human intervention studies with aronia berry interventions

Participants

Design

Treatment

Outcomes

References

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; IL-10, Interleukin-10; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; TAG, triglycerides; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha.

healthy men (n = 66)

double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT

(poly)phenol-rich extract (116 mg, equivalent to 75 g berries), whole fruit powder (12 mg, equivalent to 10 g berries), 12 weeks

Extract: flow-mediated dilation ↑, plasma phenolic metabolites ↑, gut microbiota diversity ↔, Anaerostipes: genus ↑, Bacteroides ↑; Powder: flow-mediated dilation ↔, plasma phenolic metabolites ↑, Anaerostipes genus ↑, Bacteroides ↑

Istas et al., 2019

adults with mildly elevated hypertension (n = 66)

single-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT

aronia juice (300 mL/d), oven-dried aronia powder (3 g/d)

blood pressure ↓, low-grade inflammation (TNF-α, IL-10) ↓ , serum lipids ↔, serum glucose ↔

Loo et al., 2016

adolescents with metabolic syntdrome (n = 77)

open-label

aronia extract (3 × 100 mg/day), 8 weeks

total cholesterol ↓, LDL ↓, triacylglycerol ↓, HDL ↑, lipid peroxidation ↓, acetylcholinesterase ↓, oxidative stress ↓

Duchnowicz et al., 2018

former smokers (n = 49)

single-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT

aronia extract (500 mg/day), 12 weeks

Total cholesterol ↓, LDL ↓, LDL receptor proteins ↓, blood pressure ↔, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers ↔

Xie et al., 2017

healthy, adult handball players (n = 32)

double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT

aronia juice (100 mL/d),

Men: lipid peroxidation ↓, oleic acid ↓, α-linolenic acid↓, TAG ↓, TBARS ↓; Women: lipid peroxidation ↔, TAG ↑ TBARS ↔

Petrovic et al., 2016

adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 35)

open-label

aronia juice (50 mL × 3/d), 3 months

glucose ↓, glycated hemoglobin ↓, total cholesterol ↓, LDL ↓, HDL ↔, triglycerides ↓, high sensitive C-reactive protein ↑, blood urea ↓, creatinine ↔, BMI ↔, systolic blood pressure ↔, diastolic blood pressure ↔

Milutinović et al., 2019

healthy, adult runners (n = 10)

double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT

aronia juice (200 mL with breakfast prior to running a half-marathon)

platelet-monocyte aggregates ↓, platelet-neutrophil aggregates ↓

Stevanović et al., 2019