J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Original Research

Volume 3, Number , September 2018, pages 144-150

Germination changes the isoflavone profile and increases the antioxidant potential of soybean

Figure 1.
Total phenolic content (TPC) of non-germinated soybeans and samples germinated for 144 h at 35 °C in the presence of light.
Data represent mean values ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by the same letters are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Abbreviations: GAE, gallic acid equivalents; DW, dry weight; and NGS, non-germinated soybeans.

**Table 1.** Content of different forms of isoflavones (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw) of germinated soybeans
Soybean component	Time (h)	β-glycosides	Malonyl	Aglycone	Total
Data represent mean values ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different (p > 0.05). nd, not detected.
Cotyledons	0	66.73 ± 0.67^b	287.20 ± 2.08^d,e	2.24 ± 0.03^m	356.17 ± 2.78^e
72	23.74 ± 0.57^c,d	377.02 ± 2.26^c	35.89 ± 0.28^i,j,k	436.25 ± 2.54^c,d,e
96	34.38 ± 0.20^b,c,d	284.02 ± 1.00^d,e	70.26 ± 0.61^d	388.65 ± 0.59^d,e
120	24.11 ± 0.11^c,d	288.86 ± 0.27^d	89.40 ± 0.51^c	402.37 ± 0.13^d,e
144	14.70 ± 0.44^d	nd	149.61 ± 2.04^a	164.31 ± 2.48^f,g,h
168	47.75 ± 0.14^b,c,d	498.02 ± 0.26^a,b	67.81 ± 0.42^d	613.59 ± 0.82^b
Epicotyls	120	nd	nd	34.75 ± 0.20^j,k	34.75 ± 0.20^h
144	16.43 ± 2.71^d	161.07 ± 3.49^f	34.22 ± 0.43^k,l	211.71 ± 5.77^f,g
168	18.72 ± 0.33^d	138.97 ± 4.09^f	95.66 ± 0.61^b	253.35 ± 3.80^f
Radicles	72	66.97 ± 2.32^b	435.13 ± 3.89^a,b	55.26 ± 1.72^e	557.36 ± 7.92^b,c
96	61.34 ± 0.96^b,c	406.72 ± 6.33^b	51.44 ± 0.58^e,f	519.51 ± 7.87^b,c,d
120	61.33 ± 0.93^b,c	450.03 ± 7.55^b,c	47.65 ± 0.61^f,g	559.00 ± 7.87^b,c
144	nd	nd	41.49 ± 0.13^g,h,i	41.49 ± 0.13^h
168	nd	nd	40.47 ± 0.04^h,i,j	40.47 ± 0.04^h
Hypocotyls	0	656.95 ± 43.54^a	1635.31 ± 90.05^a	38.32 ± 1.99^h,i,j,k	2330.58 ± 135.59^a
72	46.21 ± 0.74^b,c,d	206.68 ± 2.72^e,f	153.32 ± 5.26^a	406.20 ± 8.72^d,e
96	18.49 ± 0.41^d	11.88 ± 0.29^g	83.66 ± 0.73^c	114.03 ± 0.04^g,h
120	8.36 ± 0.07^d	22.22 ± 0.50^g	28.23 ± 1.09^l	58.82 ± 0.52^h
144	nd	nd	42.80 ± 0.85^g,h	42.80 ± 0.85^h
168	20.20 ± 0.20^d	nd	55.12 ± 1.77^e	75.32 ± 1.97^h

Table 1. Content of different forms of isoflavones (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw) of germinated soybeans

Soybean component

Time (h)

β-glycosides

Malonyl

Aglycone

Total

Data represent mean values ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different (p > 0.05). nd, not detected.

Cotyledons

66.73 ± 0.67^b

287.20 ± 2.08^d,e

2.24 ± 0.03^m

356.17 ± 2.78^e

23.74 ± 0.57^c,d

377.02 ± 2.26^c

35.89 ± 0.28^i,j,k

436.25 ± 2.54^c,d,e

34.38 ± 0.20^b,c,d

284.02 ± 1.00^d,e

70.26 ± 0.61^d

388.65 ± 0.59^d,e

120

24.11 ± 0.11^c,d

288.86 ± 0.27^d

89.40 ± 0.51^c

402.37 ± 0.13^d,e

144

14.70 ± 0.44^d

149.61 ± 2.04^a

164.31 ± 2.48^f,g,h

168

47.75 ± 0.14^b,c,d

498.02 ± 0.26^a,b

67.81 ± 0.42^d

613.59 ± 0.82^b

Epicotyls

120

34.75 ± 0.20^j,k

34.75 ± 0.20^h

144

16.43 ± 2.71^d

161.07 ± 3.49^f

34.22 ± 0.43^k,l

211.71 ± 5.77^f,g

168

18.72 ± 0.33^d

138.97 ± 4.09^f

95.66 ± 0.61^b

253.35 ± 3.80^f

Radicles

66.97 ± 2.32^b

435.13 ± 3.89^a,b

55.26 ± 1.72^e

557.36 ± 7.92^b,c

61.34 ± 0.96^b,c

406.72 ± 6.33^b

51.44 ± 0.58^e,f

519.51 ± 7.87^b,c,d

120

61.33 ± 0.93^b,c

450.03 ± 7.55^b,c

47.65 ± 0.61^f,g

559.00 ± 7.87^b,c

144

41.49 ± 0.13^g,h,i

41.49 ± 0.13^h

168

40.47 ± 0.04^h,i,j

40.47 ± 0.04^h

Hypocotyls

656.95 ± 43.54^a

1635.31 ± 90.05^a

38.32 ± 1.99^h,i,j,k

2330.58 ± 135.59^a

46.21 ± 0.74^b,c,d

206.68 ± 2.72^e,f

153.32 ± 5.26^a

406.20 ± 8.72^d,e

18.49 ± 0.41^d

11.88 ± 0.29^g

83.66 ± 0.73^c

114.03 ± 0.04^g,h

120

8.36 ± 0.07^d

22.22 ± 0.50^g

28.23 ± 1.09^l

58.82 ± 0.52^h

144

42.80 ± 0.85^g,h

42.80 ± 0.85^h

168

20.20 ± 0.20^d

55.12 ± 1.77^e

75.32 ± 1.97^h

**Table 2.** Total isoflavone concentration and contribution of conjugated and aglycone isoflavones of different germinated soybean components
GT (h)	Radicles	Hypocotyls	Epicotyls	Cotyledons
*The radicles and epicotyls were absent at time zero. Total isoflavone represent mean values ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by different capital letters within a row show differences among different germinated soybean components (p < 0.05). Values followed by different lowercase letters within a column show differences among different germination times (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: GT, germination time; and nd, not detected.
0	Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)	*	2330.58 ± 135.59A^a	*	356.17 ± 2.78B^e
Conjugated (%)	*	98.36	*	99.37
Aglycones (%)	*	1.64	*	0.63
72	Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)	557.36 ± 7.92A^a	406.20 ± 8.72C^b	nd	436.25 ± 2.54B^b
Conjugated (%)	90.09	62.26	nd	91.78
Aglycones (%)	9.91	37.74	nd	8.22
96	Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)	519.51 ± 7.87A^b	114.03 ± 0.04C^c	nd	388.65 ± 0.59B^d
Conjugated (%)	90.10	25.75	nd	81.92
Aglycones (%)	9.90	74.25	nd	18.08
120	Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)	559.00 ± 7.87A^a	58.82 ± 0.52C^c	34.75 ± 0.20D^c	402.37 ± 0.13B^c
Conjugated (%)	91.48	52.00	0.00	77.78
Aglycones (%)	8.52	48.00	100.00	22.22
144	Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)	41.49 ± 0.13C^c	42.80 ± 0.85C^c	211.7 ± 5.77A^b	164.31 ± 2.48B^f
Conjugated (%)	0.00	0.00	83.84	8.95
Aglycones (%)	100.00	100.00	16.16	91.05
168	Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)	40.47 ± 0.04D^c	75.32 ± 1.97C^c	253.35 ± 3.80B^a	613.59 ± 0.82A^a
Conjugated (%)	0.00	26.82	62.24	88.95
Aglycones (%)	100.00	73.18	37.76	11.05

Table 2. Total isoflavone concentration and contribution of conjugated and aglycone isoflavones of different germinated soybean components

GT (h)

Radicles

Hypocotyls

Epicotyls

Cotyledons

*The radicles and epicotyls were absent at time zero. Total isoflavone represent mean values ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by different capital letters within a row show differences among different germinated soybean components (p < 0.05). Values followed by different lowercase letters within a column show differences among different germination times (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: GT, germination time; and nd, not detected.

Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)

2330.58 ± 135.59A^a

356.17 ± 2.78B^e

Conjugated (%)

98.36

99.37

Aglycones (%)

1.64

0.63

Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)

557.36 ± 7.92A^a

406.20 ± 8.72C^b

436.25 ± 2.54B^b

Conjugated (%)

90.09

62.26

91.78

Aglycones (%)

9.91

37.74

8.22

Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)

519.51 ± 7.87A^b

114.03 ± 0.04C^c

388.65 ± 0.59B^d

Conjugated (%)

90.10

25.75

81.92

Aglycones (%)

9.90

74.25

18.08

120

Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)

559.00 ± 7.87A^a

58.82 ± 0.52C^c

34.75 ± 0.20D^c

402.37 ± 0.13B^c

Conjugated (%)

91.48

52.00

0.00

77.78

Aglycones (%)

8.52

48.00

100.00

22.22

144

Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)

41.49 ± 0.13C^c

42.80 ± 0.85C^c

211.7 ± 5.77A^b

164.31 ± 2.48B^f

Conjugated (%)

0.00

83.84

8.95

Aglycones (%)

100.00

16.16

91.05

168

Total (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw)

40.47 ± 0.04D^c

75.32 ± 1.97C^c

253.35 ± 3.80B^a

613.59 ± 0.82A^a

Conjugated (%)

0.00

26.82

62.24

88.95

Aglycones (%)

100.00

73.18

37.76

11.05

**Table 3.** The contents of isoflavones (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw) of non-germinated soybean and samples germinated for 144 h at 35 °C in the presence of light
Compound	NGS	Germinated soybean components
Data represent mean values ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Abbreviations: NGS, non-germinated soybeans; and nd, not detected. Acetyldaidzin, acetylglycitin, and acetylgenistin were absent in all samples.
Daidzein	0.90 ± 0.03^f	89.32 ± 0.89^a	15.56 ± 0.12^c	33.11 ± 0.41^a	35.71 ± 0.06^a
Glycitein	nd	nd	12.94 ± 0.44^d	nd	nd
Genistein	0.72 ± 0.1^f	60.28 ± 0.56^b	5.73 ± 0.01^f	9.69 ± 0.20^b	5.78 ± 0.03^b
Daidzin	27.04 ± 0.32^c	nd	8.59 ± 0.01^e	nd	nd
Glycitin	8.61 ± 0.17^e	nd	nd	nd	nd
Genistin	21.32 ± 0.22^d	14.70 ± 0.31^c	7.83 ± 1.93^e,f	nd	nd
Malonyldaidzin	77.04 ± 0.85^b	nd	69.69 ± 0.00^b	nd	nd
Malonylglycitin	21.88 ± 0.14^d	nd	2.79 ± 0.16^g	nd	nd
Malonylgenistin	116.5 ± 0.03^a	nd	88.59 ± 2.31^a	nd	nd
Total	274.1 ± 0.10	164.3 ± 1.76	211.7 ± 4.08	42.80 ± 0.60	41.49 ± 0.09

Table 3. The contents of isoflavones (mg 100 g⁻¹ dw) of non-germinated soybean and samples germinated for 144 h at 35 °C in the presence of light

Compound

NGS

Germinated soybean components

Cotyledons

Epicotyls

Hypocotyls

Radicles

Data represent mean values ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Abbreviations: NGS, non-germinated soybeans; and nd, not detected. Acetyldaidzin, acetylglycitin, and acetylgenistin were absent in all samples.

Daidzein

0.90 ± 0.03^f

89.32 ± 0.89^a

15.56 ± 0.12^c

33.11 ± 0.41^a

35.71 ± 0.06^a

Glycitein

12.94 ± 0.44^d

Genistein

0.72 ± 0.1^f

60.28 ± 0.56^b

5.73 ± 0.01^f

9.69 ± 0.20^b

5.78 ± 0.03^b

Daidzin

27.04 ± 0.32^c

8.59 ± 0.01^e

Glycitin

8.61 ± 0.17^e

Genistin

21.32 ± 0.22^d

14.70 ± 0.31^c

7.83 ± 1.93^e,f

Malonyldaidzin

77.04 ± 0.85^b

69.69 ± 0.00^b

Malonylglycitin

21.88 ± 0.14^d

2.79 ± 0.16^g

Malonylgenistin

116.5 ± 0.03^a

88.59 ± 2.31^a

Total

274.1 ± 0.10

164.3 ± 1.76

211.7 ± 4.08

42.80 ± 0.60

41.49 ± 0.09

**Table 4.** Radical scavenging activity (µmol TE g⁻¹ DW) of non-germinated soybeans and samples germinated for 144 h at 35 °C in the presence of light
Assay	NGS	Germinated soybean components
Data represent mean values ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by the same letters within a row are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Abbreviations: TE, trolox equivalents; DW, dry weight; and NGS, non-germinated soybeans.
DPPH	289 ± 1.0^b	324 ± 19^a	266 ± 10^b	110 ± 80^c	278 ± 50^b
ABTS	252 ± 6.0^d	599 ± 26^a	389 ± 6.0^b	237 ± 5.0^d	295 ± 0.0^c

Table 4. Radical scavenging activity (µmol TE g⁻¹ DW) of non-germinated soybeans and samples germinated for 144 h at 35 °C in the presence of light

Assay

NGS

Germinated soybean components

Cotyledons

Epicotyls

Hypocotyls

Radicles

Data represent mean values ± standard deviation (n = 3). Values followed by the same letters within a row are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Abbreviations: TE, trolox equivalents; DW, dry weight; and NGS, non-germinated soybeans.

DPPH

289 ± 1.0^b

324 ± 19^a

266 ± 10^b

110 ± 80^c

278 ± 50^b

ABTS

252 ± 6.0^d

599 ± 26^a

389 ± 6.0^b

237 ± 5.0^d

295 ± 0.0^c