Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online |
Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com |
Review
Volume 1, March 2018, pages 2-30
Underutilised fruits: a review of phytochemistry and biological properties
Tables
Family | Species | Local Name | Use | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anacardiaceae | Bouea macrophylla | Kundang | Freshly eaten as salad, processed into pickle and used as cooking ingredients (whole ripe fruit). Serves as ornamental fruit tree | Khoo et al., 2016; Rajan et al., 2014; Rajan and Bhat, 2016; Salma et al., 2006 |
Mangifera caesia | Binjai | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle and used as food additive. Treatment of cold, body itchiness, high blood pressure and bronchitis | Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Gerten et al., 2015 | |
Mangifera foetida | Bacang | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle, used as salad and as food additives (unripe flesh). Seeds used against trichophytosis, scabies and eczema | Khoo et al., 2016; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006 | |
Mangifera laurina | Mempelam air | Source of food. Treatment of shingles | Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016 | |
Mangifera longipetiolata | Sepam | Source of food | Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016 | |
Mangifera odorata | Kuini | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle and jam, used as salad and food additives (unripe flesh) | Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006 | |
Mangifera pajang | Bambangan | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle (flesh, peel and kernel) and used as food additives (unripe flesh). Peels are used in different fruit ingredients or incorporated in food products. Treatment of scabies, ulcer, winds, etc. | Abu Bakar and Fry, 2013; Azlan et al., 2013; Gerten et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2011; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006 | |
Mangifera pentandra | Mempelam bemban / Asam pauh | Freshly eaten, processed into pickle, jam, chutney and used in cooking dishes (unripe flesh and seed). Treatment of piles and gastric pain. Increase men’s health | Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006 | |
Arecaceae | Nypa fruticans | Nipah | Freshly eaten (unripe fruits). Sap (obtained from the inflorescence stalk) is used to produce alcoholic drink, beverage, vinegar, sweets, sugar and syrup | Sum et al., 2013; Prasad et al., 2013 |
Salacca conferta | Asam kelubi | Source of food | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Bombacaceae | Durio kutejensis | Durian nyekak | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh) | Voon and Kueh, 1999; Khoo et al., 2016 |
Burseraceae | Canarium odontophyllum | Dabai | Freshly eaten, made into jam, pickle and used as salad and cooking ingredients (ripe flesh) | Ali Hassan et al., 2013b; Azlan et al., 2010; Basri, et al., 2014a; Khoo et al., 2012b; Salma et al., 2006 |
Dacryodes rostrata | Kembayau | Source of food; fruits soaked in warm water before consumption. Preserved with salt or soy sauce, and eaten as appetisers with rice or porridge | Kong et al., 2011; Salma et al., 2006; Tee et al., 2014 | |
Euphorbiaceae | Baccaurea angulata | Tampoi belimbing / Belimbing dayak | Source of food | Jauhari et al., 2013; Momand, 2014 |
Baccaurea lanceolata | Liposu / Limpaung | Source of food | Bakar et al., 2014 | |
Baccaurea macrocarpa | Tampoi putih | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh) | Abu Bakar et al., 2014; Khoo et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006 | |
Baccaurea motleyana | Rambai | Freshly eaten and made into jam (ripe flesh) | Khoo et al., 2016; Mokhtar et al., 2014; Salma et al., 2006 | |
Baccaurea polyneura | Jentik-jentik | Freshly eaten | Salma et al., 2006 | |
Fabaceae | Cynometra cauliflora | Nam-nam | Freshly eaten as salad and cooking ingredients (ripe flesh). Used as traditional medicine and ornamental purpose | Abd Aziz and Mohammad, 2013; Khoo et al., 2016; Tajudin et al., 2012 |
Flacourtiaceae | Flacourtia jangomas | Kerekup | Treatment of stomachic diarrhea, inflammation, skin disease, jaundice, tumours, nausea, dyspepsia and diabetes | Mohamed, 2012 |
Flacourtia rukam | Rokam | Source of food | Salma et al., 2006 | |
Gnetaceae | Gnetum gnemon | Belinjau / Melinjau | Seeds are prepared as crackers, in cooking dishes (soup) and as coffee substitute | Bhat and Yahya, 2014; Voon and Kueh, 1999 |
Guttiferae | Garcinia atroviridis | Asam gelugor | Normally dried (flesh) and used as food additives. Leaves used as vegetable and salad. Treatment of cough, dandruff, earache, throat irritation, high blood pressure, itchiness, post-natal treatment and metal cleaning | Al-Mansoub et al., 2014; Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006 |
Garcinia dulcis | Mundu | Freshly eaten (flesh), processed into pickle and used as cooking ingredients Treatment of lymphatitis, parotitis and goitre | Abu Bakar et al., 2015 | |
Garcinia hombroniana | Beruas | Freshly eaten (flesh) | Khoo et al., 2016 | |
Garcinia parvifolia | Kundong | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle (unripe) and dried flesh used as food additives. Treatment of cough, sore throat, swelling and post-natal treatment | Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006 | |
Garcinia prainiana | Cerapu | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh) and used in cooking dishes (unripe) | Salma et al., 2006 | |
Lauraceae | Litsea garciae | Engkala / Pengolaban | Freshly eaten (flesh) and used in cooking dishes (seed). Treatment of boils and fever | Ali Hassan et al., 2013a; Husen, 2015; Salma et al., 2006 |
Leguminosae | Parkia speciosa | Petai | Freshly eaten (fruit or cotyledon) and used in cooking dishes. Diuretic and relaxing properties. Treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes, and has antibacterial effects on kidney, ureter and urinary bladder | Ko et al., 2014; Salma et al., 2006; Voon and Kueh, 1999 |
Meliaceae | Sandoricum macropodum | Sentol | Source of food | Ikram et al., 2009 |
Moraceae | Artocarpus altilis | Sukun | Immature or ripe fruits (flesh) are eaten after boiling, baking, roasting or frying. Used as cooking ingredient. Serves as traditional medicine, clothing and animal feed | Anupunt et al., 2003; Jalal et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006 |
Artocarpus odoratissimus | Tarap / Terap | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh) and made into crackers (seed) | Abu Bakar et al., 2009; Salma et al., 2006 | |
Myrtaceae | Syzygium jambos | Jambu mawar | Freshly eaten, made into jam and served as dessert (whole ripe fruit). Ripe fruits used as a tonic for brain and liver and as a diuretic; seeds for treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and catarrh | Khoo et al., 2016 |
Syzygium malaccense | Jambu bol | Freshly eaten (whole ripe fruit), as pickle and used in cooking dishes (unripe fruit). Fruit decoction as a febrifuge. Flatulent and antithirst | Khoo et al., 2016; Wetwitayaklung et al., 2012 | |
Oxalidaceae | Averrhoa bilimbi | Belimbing buluh | Freshly eaten as salad, made into pickle and used in cooking dishes (whole ripe fruit). Treatment of fever, cold, coughs, pimples, itches, boils, beriberi, biliousness, inflammation of the rectum, internal haemorrhoids, hypertension, diabetes, syphilis and rheumatism | Abraham, 2016; Khoo et al., 2016; Muhamad et al., 2014; Noor and Noriham, 2014; Salma et al., 2006 |
Pandanaceae | Pandanus tectorius | Pandan laut | Source of food (keys) | Andriani et al., 2015 |
Phyllanthaceae | Phyllanthus emblica | Buah Melaka | Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), as pickle and used in cooking dishes (unripe flesh). Treat cough and asthma. Remedies for hepatic disorders | Khoo et al., 2016; Kubola et al., 2011 |
Rhamnaceae | Ziziphus mauritania | Bidara | Freshly eaten as salad or pickle, and used in cooking dishes (whole ripe fruit). Ripe fruits for treatment of sore throat and cough; seeds for treatment of diarrhea and weakness of stomach | Khoo et al., 2016 |
Rosaceae | Rubus moluccanus | Wild berry | No report | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 |
Rubus fraxinifolius | Wild berry | No report | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | |
Rubus alpestris | Wild berry | No report | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | |
Rutaceae | Citrus hystrix | Limau purut | Source of food | Abd Ghafar et al., 2010 |
Citrus aurantifolia | Limau nipis | Source of food and food additives. Relieve body from winds and eliminate body odour | Abd Ghafar et al., 2010; Gerten et al., 2015 | |
Citrus microcarpa | Limau kasturi | Source of food and food additives—eliminates fishy smell of fish. Used as seasoning | Abd Ghafar et al., 2010; Cheong et al., 2012; Gerten et al., 2015 | |
Sapotaceae | Pouteria campechiana | Kuning telur | Source of food | Kong et al., 2013 |
Sapindaceae | Dimorcarpus longan | Isau | Freshly eaten | Salma et al., 2006 |
Lepisanthes rubiginosa | Mertajam | Source of food | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Nephelium malaiense | Mata kucing | Source of food | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Nephelium ramboutan-ake | Pulasan / Meritam | Freshly eaten and used as cooking ingredients. Treatment of scabbies and itchiness | Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006 | |
Pometia sp | Lenggeng | Source of food | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Solanaceae | Cyphomandra betacea | Buah cinta / tamarillo | Source of food | Ali Hassan and Abu Bakar, 2013 |
Species | Part | Compound | Classification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Artocarpus odoratissimus | Pulp | Quercetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringin | Phenolics | Abu Bakar et al., 2010 |
Seed | Kaempferol, ferulic acid, diosmin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, naringin | Phenolics | ||
Baccaurea angulata | Peel | Catechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin | Phenolics | Ahmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015 |
Pulp | Catechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin | Phenolics | Ahmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015 | |
Whole fruit | Catechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin | Phenolics | Ahmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015 | |
Baccaurea motleyana | Pulp | Citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid | Organic acids | Mokhtar et al., 2014 |
Bouea macrophylla | Pulp | Alpha-cadinol, delta-cadinene, tumerone, alpha-muurolene, alpha-terpineol, candin-4-en-10-ol, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, (e,e)-alpha-farnesene, alpha-muurolol, (E)-beta-ionone, delta-cadinene, 5,6-decanedione, acetophenone and acetyl valery Hexanedioic acid, bis (2-ethyl) ester Pentanoic acid, 2-propanoic acid, trimethylacetic anhydride, N-hexadecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, oleic acid α-terpineol, β-terpineol, thymol, myristic acid, eugenol, octanal, non-anal | Terpenes Ketones Esters Acids | Rajan et al., 2014 |
Canarium odontophyllum | Pulp | Catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, methyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid | Phenolics | Khoo et al., 2012a |
All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene | Carotenoids | Prasad et al., 2011a | ||
Peel | Catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, methyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside , cyanidin-3-arabinoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside | Phenolics | Khoo et al., 2012a; Khoo et al., 2013 | |
All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene | Carotenoids | Prasad et al., 2011a | ||
Pulp with peel | Catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin | Phenolics | Khoo et al., 2012a | |
Pericarp | Cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside , cyanidin-3-arabinoside | Phenolics | Khoo et al., 2013 | |
Seed | All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene | Carotenoids | Prasad et al., 2011a | |
Dacryodes rostrata | Seed | Gallic acid, epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, apigenin 7-(4″-Z-p-coumarylglucoside), 1-caffeoyl-4-deoxyquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, (±)-catechin, syringic acid, ellagic acid, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate | Phenolics | Tee et al., 2015 |
Garcinia dulcis | Pulp | 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 2,5-furandione, 3-methyl, furfural, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-, propanoate (CAS) 2-methylbutyl propionate, catechol, 2,5-furandione, dihydro-3-methylene-, 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, D-allose, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 1,6-anhydro-alpha-d-galactofuranose, 5,5′-oxy-dimethylene-bis(2-furaldehyde), 1,4-dioxadiene, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, n-hexadecanoic acid, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, octadecanoic acid, heptadecene-(8)-carbonic acid-(1), 2-furanmethanol | Terpenoids | Abu Bakar et al., 2015 |
Litsea garciae | Pulp | Viniferin, cyanidin, ferulic acid | Phenolics | Husen, 2015 |
Seed | Dihydroquercetin, p-coumaroyl tartaric acid, caffeoyl tartaric acid, cinnamoyl glucose | Phenolics | ||
Cupule | Ferulic acid, cinnamoyl glucose, epigallocatechin | Phenolics | ||
Peel | Viniferin, elphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, cinnamoyl glucose | Phenolics | ||
Mangifera caesia | Pulp | Gallic acid, vanillic acid, mangiferin | Phenolics | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 |
Mangifera foetida | Pulp | Mangiferin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid | Phenolics | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 |
Mangifera odorata | Pulp | Mangiferin, gallic acid, vanillic acid | Phenolics | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 |
Mangifera pajang | Peel | Pyrogallic acid, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, mangiferin, rutin, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, 4-hydroxy- benzoic acid, vanillic acid, ethyl gallate, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, morin, daidzein, kaempferol, luteolin, diosmin, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid | Phenolics | Abu Bakar et al., 2010; Ahmad et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2011; Prasad et al., 2011b |
Pulp | Luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid | Phenolics | Abu Bakar et al., 2010 | |
Kernel | Methyl gallate and a mixture of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol together with β-sitosterol | Phenolic esters | Abu Bakar et al., 2010; | |
Diosmin, rutin, mangiferonic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringin, hesperidin | Phenolics | Ahmad et al., 2015 | ||
Mangifera pentandra | Pulp | Mangiferin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid | Phenolics | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 |
Mangifera quadrifida | Pulp | Mangiferin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid | Phenolics | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 |
Nypa fruticans | Endosperm | Chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin, cinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid | Phenolics | Prasad et al., 2013 |
Parkia speciosa | Empty pod | Gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, quercetin, epicatechin, vanillic acid, kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid | Phenolics | Ko et al., 2014 |
Rubus moluccanus | Whole fruit | 2-propenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester, pyruvate, furfural, 1,3-butadiene-1-carboxylic acid, propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester, dl-glyceraldehyde dimer, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pyrone, isopropylmethylnitrosamine, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, hydroxymethyl furfural, 1,1,2-triacetoxyethane, butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl, (S)-, benzeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxy-,methyl ester, succinic acid, 3-methylbutyl pentyl ester, β-D-glucopyranoside,methyl, quinic acid, β-tocopherol, δ-sitosterol | Terpenoids | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 |
Rubus fraxinifolius | Whole fruit | 2-propenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester, furfural, 1,3-butadiene-1-carboxylic acid, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 1,1,2-triacetoxyethane, 3-deoxy-d-mannoic lactone | Terpenoids | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 |
Rubus alpestris | Whole fruit | Furfural, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, furaneol, 1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, methyl ester, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, butane, 1,1′-1 (isopentyloxy) methoxy]-3-methylbutane, rhamnose, 5,5′-oxy-dimethylene-bis (2-furaldehyde), β-tocopherol, stigmast-5-en-3-ol | Terpenoids | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 |
Syzigium jambos | Pulp | 3-phenylpropan-1-ol, (E)-cinnamyl alcohol, (Z)-hex-3-en-l-ol, hexanol, hexanal, (Z)-hex-3-enal, linalool, myrcene, geraniol, citronellol, nerol, α-terpineol, cis-rose oxide, geranial, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, trans-rose oxide, α-cubebene, δ-cadinene | Terpenoids | Wong and Lai, 1996 |
Syzigium malaccense | Pulp | Limonene, linalool, geraniol, nerol, δ-cadinene, α-selinene, humulene | Terpenoids | Wong and Lai, 1996 |
Biological Activity | Species | Part | Extract | Experimental Method | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antioxidant | Artocarpus altilis | Whole fruit, pulp, peel | Hexane, dichloromethane and methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay β-carotene linoleic acid model system Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method | Methanol pulp extract showed the highest scavenging activity (IC50: 55 ± 5.89 μg/ml), β-carotene bleaching (88.34 ± 1.31%) compared to Trolox (90.02 ± 1.51 %), total phenolic content (TPC) (781 ± 52.97 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry sample) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (6,213.33 ± 142.22 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g) | Jalal et al., 2015 |
Artocarpus odoratissimus | Pulp, seed | 80% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method | Seed extract showed higher antioxidant activity; TPC (14.67 mg GAE/g) and TFC (3.65 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g). Pulp extract contained higher total antioxidant capacity (11.02 ± 0.38 mg c-3-gE/100g) | Abu Bakar et al., 2009 | |
Averrhoa bilimbi | Whole fruit | Water | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay | Averrhoa bilimbi L. extract showed higher TPC (41.00 ± 2.75 mg GAE/g) and TFC (23.32 ± 3.50 mg/QE g) than A. bilimbi cv. Averrhoa bilimbi cv. showed higher FRAP (1.76 ± 0.87 mmol TE/g), scavenging activity and β-carotene linoleate bleaching: (87.65 ± 3.12%) | Noor and Noriham, 2014 | |
Pulp | 80% methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay | TPC: 1,261.63 31.41 mg GAE/100g. Antioxidant activity: 91.89 ± 0.00% | Ikram et al., 2009 | ||
Baccaurea angulata | Whole fruit, pulp, peel | Methanol, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay Linoleic acid peroxidation assay Phosphatidylcholine peroxidation assay | Methanol pulp extract showed the highest TPC (15,357.77 ± 150.72 μg GAE/g), TFC (37.32 ± 0.55 mg QE/g) and total carotene content (TCC) (6,571.43 ± 185.86 μg beta-carotene equivalent (BC)/100g). Methanol peel extract showed the highest scavenging activity (96.80 ± 0.53%), while methanol whole fruit showed the highest linoleic acid peroxidation (96.60 ± 0.29 %) and phosphatidylcholine peroxidation (78.48 ± 0.85%) | Ahmed et al., 2015 | |
Whole fruit, peel, pulp | Distilled water (juice) | In Vivo Method Lipid peroxidation assay Enzymatic antioxidant assays High cholesterol-induced rabbits | Plasma malon-aldehyde (MDA) levels were highest in cholesterol + peel juice group (671.04 %). Catalase was highest in cholesterol + whole fruit juice group (12.66 %) compared to simvastatin control (9.13 %). TAC was also highest in whole fruit group (309.08 ± 35.59 mM) | Mikail et al., 2015 | ||
Whole fruit, pulp, peel | Methanol, PBS | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay Lipid peroxidation assay | Methanol pulp extract showed the highest TPC (11,308.59 ± 12.54 µg catechin equivalent (CAT)/g crude extracts), TFC (37.32 ± 0.55 mg QE/ g crude extracts) and total carotene content (TCC) (6,571.43 ± 185.86 µg BC/100g crude extracts). Methanol peel extract showed the highest scavenging activity (96.80 ± 0.53%) and methanol whole fruit extract showed the highest LPO (78.48 ± 0.85%) | Ahmed et al., 2013 | ||
Whole fruit, peel, berry | 80% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay TEAC/ABTS scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method | Peel extract exhibited the highest antioxidant properties (p < 0.05); FRAP (50.86 ± 4.24 mm trolox equivalent (TE)/g), DPPH (78.54 ± 2.08 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/100g), TEAC (492.79 ± 53.77 mm TE/100g), TPC (8.62 ± 0.01 mg/g), TFC (19.12 ± 0.11 mg QE/g) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) (0.96 ± 0.19 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (c-3-g)/100g). Antioxidant activities were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with TPC and TFC but not to TAC | Jauhari et al., 2013 | ||
Baccaurea lanceolata | Pericarp, pulp, seed | 80% methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay ABTS scavenging assay FRAP assay | Pulp extract showed the highest TPC (4.81 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g dry sample), TFC (4.73 ± 0.27 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g dry sample), DPPH activity (94.36 ± 0.02 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC)/g dry sample) and FRAP activity (2.81 ± 0.23 mM/g dry sample). Pericarp extract showed the highest TAC (0.50 ± 0.13 (mg c-3-gE/100g dry sample) and TCC (0.75 ± 0.00 mg BCE/g dry sample). Seed showed the highest ABTS activity (3.03 ± 0.11 AEAC/g dry sample) | Abu Bakar et al., 2014 | |
Baccaurea macrocarpa | Pericarp, pulp, seed | 80% methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay ABTS scavenging assay FRAP assay | Pericarp contained the highest amount of TPC, TFC, TAC and TCC with the values of 60.04 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g, 44.68 ± 0.67 mg CE/g, 1.23 ± 0.20 mg c-3-gE/100g and 0.81 ± 0.14 mg BCE/g. Results from DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays also showed that pericarp extract displayed the highest antioxidant capacity | Abu Bakar et al., 2014 | |
Pulp | 80% methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay | TPC: 1,064.68 ± 19.40 mg GAE/100g and antioxidant activity: 76.58 ± 1.56 % | Ikram et al., 2009 | ||
Baccaurea motleyana | Pulp (young, mature, ripe) | 80 % aqueous methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method DPPH radical scavenging assay | TPC and antioxidant activity of young fruit extract were the highest with 97.23 mg/100g and 13.10%, respectively | Kin et al., 2011; Mokhtar et al., 2014 | |
Pulp | 80% methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay | TPC: 1,160.14 ± 20.56 mg GAE/100g and antioxidant activity: 71.17 ± 5.63 % | Ikram et al., 2009 | ||
Baccaurea polyneura | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 81.98 ± 312% TPC: 1,064.68 ± 19.40 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Canarium odontophyllum | Pericarp, peel | 80% methanol | In Vitro and In Vivo Method Cell culture assays MTT assay NAD+ assay CD36 ELISA assay LDL-oxidation method in rats | Peel extract (1.0 mg/ml) showed protective effect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The extract was not cytotoxic to normal liver cells. IC50 concentration (0.153 mg/ml) is good for inhibition of oxidized LDL binding to CD36 receptor. | Khoo et al., 2014 | |
Pulp, peel, pulp with peel | 80% methanol, distilled water | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method TCC method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay ABTS scavenging assay | Methanol pulp extracts showed the highest potential in all tests; TPC (11.96 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g), TFC (10.11 ± 1.54 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g), TAC (12.75 ± 0.28 c-3-gE/100g), TCC (2.84 ± 0.11 mg BA/100g), DPPH (88.14 ± 1.42%), FRAP (30.52 ± 0.54 mM Fe2+/l) and ABTS (46.71 ± 0.98 mg AEAC/g) | Ali Hassan et al., 2013b | ||
Pericarp, peel | 80% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay CUPRAC assay | Peel crude extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity; DPPH (60%), CUPRAC (1.75 mM) as compared to pericarp and extract fractions | Khoo et al., 2013 | ||
Pulp with peel, peel | Methanol, water | Folin-Ciocalteau method pH differential method TEAC assay | Pulp-peel crude extracts had the most significant antioxidant properties compared to the methanolic and water fractions | Khoo et al., 2012a | ||
Pulp with peel, seed | Methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, water | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method | Methanol peel extracts showed the highest TPC, TFC, TAC and antioxidant activities | Khoo et al., 2012b | ||
Whole fruit (purple, red) | 70% ethanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method TEAC assay FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay | Purple fruits had higher TPC (33.21 ± 6.11 mg GAE/g dry weight), TFC (103.92 ± 24.60 mg RE/g dry weight), TE (0.68 ± 0.09 mmol TE/g dry weight) and FRAP (1.74 ± 0.32 mmol Fe2+/g dry weight) than red fruits | Chew et al., 2011 | ||
Peel, pulp, seed | Hexane:acetone: ethanol (70:15:15) | Beta-carotene bleaching assay ABTS scavenging assay DPPH radical scavenging assay Hemoglobin oxidation assay | Pulp exhibited excellent antioxidant activity coefficient of 2,611 ± 12.7 and the highest DPPH activity (30.5 ± 1%). Peel exhibited highest ABTS activity (84.5 ± 0.9%) and higher than beta carotene (74.6 ± 0.4%). Hemoglobin oxidation was highest in seed fraction (59.7 ± 0.03%) | Prasad et al., 2010 | ||
Pulp, peel, pulp with peel, kernel | 80% methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method Beta-carotene bleaching assay DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay | Peel showed the highest TPC (25.68 ± 1.02 mg GAE/g), beta-carotene bleaching (63.23 ± 1.59%), FRAP (1,744 ± 0.32 mM Fe2+/g) and DPPH (78.2 ± 0.5%) | Shakirin et al., 2010 | ||
Citrus hystrix | Pulp | Water (juice) | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay | TPC: 490.74 ± 1.75 mg GAE/ml TFC: 22.25 ± 0.20 mg GAE/ml Scavenging activity: IC50 35 mg/100 ml FRAP activity: 89.0 ± 5.88 µmol Fe2+/100 ml | Ghafar et al., 2010 | |
Citrus aurantifolia | Pulp | Water (juice) | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay | TPC: 211.70 ± 0.0 mg GAE/ml TFC: 10.67 ± 0.27 mg GAE/ml Scavenging activity: IC50 79 mg/100 ml FRAP activity: 78 µmol Fe2+/100 ml | Ghafar et al., 2010 | |
Citrus microcarpa | Pulp | Water (juice) | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay | TPC: 105.0 ± 3.0 mg GAE/100 ml TFC: 8.70 ± 0.13 mg GAE/ml Scavenging activity: IC50 125 mg/100 ml FRAP activity: 48.18 ± 3.34 µmol Fe2+/100 ml | Ghafar et al., 2010 | |
Cynometra cauliflora | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 45.95 ± 2.70% TPC: 1,868.94 ± 11.68 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Cyphomandra betacea | Pulp, peel | 80% methanol, distilled water | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method Total carotene method DPPH free radical scavenging assay ABTS assay FRAP assay | Methanol peel extract showed higher FRAP (9.33 ± 0.54 mM Fe2+/g) and ABTS activity (40.14 ± 1.76 AEAC/g), while pulp showed higher DPPH activity (31.82 ± 1.29%). TPC and TFC were higher in peel with 4.89 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g and 3.36 ± 0.01 mg RE/g, respectively. TAC and TCC were higher in pulp with 4.15 ± 0.04 mg/100g and 25.13 ± 0.35 mg/100g | Ali Hassan & Abu Bakar, 2013 | |
Dacryodes rostrata | Pulp, peel, seed | 50% ethanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method Phosphomolybdenum method FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay | Seed exhibited the highest TPC (1,007.96 mg GAE/g dry weight), TFC (2,550.90 mg QE/g dry weight), scavenging activity, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum analysis over butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid | Tee et al., 2015 | |
Pulp, peel, seed | 70% ethanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method TEAC assay FRAP assay DPPH free radical scavenging assay | Seed extract exhibited the highest potential in all tests except TAC, with TPC (8,211.21–8,629.92 g GAE/100g), TFC (22,210.30–28,022.28 mg RE/100g), TEAC (51.39–74.59 mmol TE/100g), FRAP (530.05–556.98 mmol Fe2+/100g) and DPPH (92.18–92.19%) | Kin et al., 2011 | ||
Dimorcarpus longan | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 52.25 ± 3.12% TPC: 203.92 ± 14.35 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Durio kutejensis | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 54.05 ± 2.07% TPC: 183.07 ± 6.23 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Flacourtia jangomas | Pulp | 70% ethanol, distilled water | Folin-ciocalteau reagent method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay. AOAC method | Ethanol extracts gave the highest TPC (2,507.41 mg GAE/100g). DPPH activity was highly correlated with TPC (r = 1.000) and FRAP (r = 0.968). Ascorbic acid content (AAC) was 89.39 mg/100g | Mohamed, 2012 | |
Flacourtia rukam | Pulp | 80% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | Scavenging activity: 78.09 ± 3.09% FRAP activity: 2.09 ± 0.13 mM Fe2+ TPC: 40.0 ± 0.2 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Garcinia atroviridis | Fruit with seed, fruit rind (ripe, unripe) | Methanol, water | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method ABTS assay DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay | Methanol unripe fruit extract showed the highest TPC (10.50 ± 0.39 mg GAE/g), TFC (4.37 ± 0.06 mg QE/g) and aqueous unripe fruit extract had the highest FRAP (17.57 ± 0.26 nmol Fe2+/g). Aqueous ripe and unripe fruit rind showed the highest DPPH (EC50: 943.08 ± 11.46 μg/ml) and ABTS (148.69 ± 4.54 μg/ml), respectively | Al-Mansoub et al., 2014 | |
Whole fruit | Methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method TBARS Assay | TPC: 4.4 ± 1.7 mg GAE/g LDL oxidation: 53.0 ± 0.5% at 1,000 μg/ml | Jantan et al., 2011 | ||
Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 72.97 ± 2.70% TPC: 68.41 ± 0.95 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | ||
Garcinia hombroniana | Whole fruit | Methanol | Folin-Ciocalteu method TBARS Assay | TPC: 20.7 ± 3.8 mg GAE/g LDL oxidation at 1,000 μg/ml: 86.0 ± 7.1% | Jantan et al., 2011 | |
Garcinia parvifolia | Pulp, peel | 80% methanol, distilled water | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method TCC method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay ABTS assay | Methanol pulp extract had the highest antioxidant properties; TPC: 7.2 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g, TFC: 5.9 ± 0.1 mg RE/g, DPPH: 85.4 ± 1.3%, FRAP: 16.6 ± 3.8 mM Fe2+/g and ABTS: 32.7 ± 8.5 mg AEAC/g. Peel showed the highest TAC: 4.4 ± 0.2 mg c-3-gE/100g and TCC: 17.0 ± 0.2 mg BC/100g | Ali Hassan et al., 2013c | |
Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 79.28 ± 7.80% TPC: 95.84 ± 3.43 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | ||
Garcinia prainiana | Whole fruit Pulp | Methanol 80% methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method TBARS Assay β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | TPC: 33.6 ± 6.0 mg GAE/g LDL oxidation at 1,000 μg/ml: 69.5 ± 0.7% β-carotene bleaching: 91.90 ± 0.00% TPC: 1,868.94 ± 11.68 mg GAE/100g | Jantan et al., 2011 Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Gnetum gnemon | Seed | Ethanol, water | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay | Ethanol extract showed higher antioxidant properties except for FRAP assay. TPC: (15.1 ± 2.19 mg GAE/100g), tannins (35.6 ± 3.81 mg CE/100g), TFC (709 ± 79.9 mg CE/100g) and scavenging activity (48.9 ± 38.9%) | Bhat and Yahya, 2014 | |
Lepisanthes rubiginosa | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching ranged from 54.05 ± 2.70 to 50.45 ± 5.63%. TPC ranged from 1,110.21 ± 38.99 to 1,308.26 ± 79.94 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Litsea garciae | Pulp, cap, seed | 80% ethanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay ORAC scavenging assay | Freeze-dried seed extract showed the highest TPC (3,405.09 mg GAE/100g), TFC (534.94 mg RE/100g), DPPH (IC50: 0.22 mg/ml) and ORAC (120,675 μmol TE/100g). Other fruit extracts had higher TPC and TFC when superheated steam dried | Husen, 2015 | |
Pulp, stem cap, seed | 50% methanol, distilled water | DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay ABTS scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method | Methanol extracts of stem cap displayed the highest antioxidant; DPPH (IC50: 16.7 ± 0.6 µg/ ml), FRAP (2,050.0 ± 28.5 μM Fe2+/g) and ABTS (25.05 ± 1.7 mg AEAC/g). The extract also showed the highest TPC (08.29 ± 0.70 mg GAE/g) and TFC (6.90 ± 0.61 mg RE/g) | Ali Hassan et al., 2013a | ||
Mangifera caesia | Pulp | 70% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method | IC50 : 8.14 ± 0.17 mg/ml, TPC: 2,637.35 ± 178.92 mg/100g, TFC 550.67 ± 19.78 mg/100g and AAC 270.22 ± 12.79 mg/100g | Mirfat et al., 2015 | |
Pulp (mature-green, ripe) | Water | AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay | Mature-green extract showed higher AAC (142.41 ± 2.98 µg AAE/g), TPC (122.82 ± 2.45 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (303.71 ± 21.11 μg TE/g), FRAP activity (868.29 ± 2.71 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (6.09 ± .2.21%) | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 | ||
Mangifera foetida | Pulp | 70% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method | IC50 : 43.22 ± 0.29 mg/ml, TPC: 2,917.92 ± 155.35 mg/100g, TFC 282.88 ± 71.75 mg/100g and AAC 122.13 ± 32.84 mg/100g | Mirfat et al., 2015 | |
Pulp (mature-green, ripe) | Water | AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay | Ripe extract showed higher TPC (72.91 ± 0.44 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (291.48 ± 25.21 μg TE/g) and FRAP activity (101.79 ± 3.84 μg TE/g) | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 | ||
Mangifera laurina | Pulp | 70% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method | IC50 : 13.32 ± 0.11 mg/ml, TPC: 144.33 ± 23.88 mg/100g, TFC 176.71 ± 25.78 mg/100g and AAC 135.74 ± 30.33 mg/100g | Mirfat et al., 2015 | |
Mangifera longipetiolata | Pulp | 70% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method | IC50 : 8.33 ± 0.08 mg/ml, TPC: 263.31 ± 35.53 mg/100g, TFC 129.11 ± 56.39 mg/100g and AAC 322.75 ± 32.55 mg/100g | Mirfat et al., 2015 | |
Mangifera odorata | Pulp | 70% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method | IC50 : 20.16 ± 1.31 mg/ml, TPC: 257.17 ± 27.72 mg/100g, TFC 202.33 ± 32.19 mg/100g and AAC 47.32 ± 9.73 mg/100g | Mirfat et al., 2015 | |
Pulp (mature-green, ripe) | Water | AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay | Ripe extract showed higher TPC (42.10 ± 3.27 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (114.74 ± 3.56 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (48.88 ± 0.61%) | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 | ||
Pulp | 80% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | Scavenging activity: 45.68 ± 11.09% FRAP activity: 0.28 ± 0.10 mM Fe2+ TPC: 8.0 ± 0.0 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | ||
Mangifera pajang | Kernel | Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay | Ethyl acetate and methanol kernel extracts showed strong radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 7.28 ± 0.30 and 8.84 ± 1.04 μg/ml | Ahmad et al., 2015 | |
Peel | Water (juice) | In Vivo Method Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and plasma antioxidant status in humans | Plasma total antioxidant status, plasma β-carotene and ascorbic acid were increased by 18, 45 and 28% compared to baseline level and placebo, but liver and kidney functions were unaffected | Ibrahim et al., 2013 | ||
Pulp, kernel, peel | 80% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method | Kernel extract displayed the highest DPPH activity (23.23 mg AEAC/g), FRAP activity (3,130.00 ± 35.47 μM Fe2+/g), TPC (103.30 ± 0.63.mg GAE/g) and TFC (10.98 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g) | Abu Bakar et al., 2009; Abu Bakar et al., 2011 | ||
Peel | Methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | TPC: 9.8 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g Scavenging activity: 44.5 ± 0.24 μg/ml FRAP activity: 1,248 μg/ml higher than ascorbic acid (1,318 μg/ml) | Hassan et al., 2011 | ||
Pulp | 70% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method | IC50 : 37.94 ± 1.29 mg/ml, TPC: 7,055.65 ± 101.89 mg/100g, TFC 256.42 ± 17.52 mg/100g and AAC 403.21 ± 46.83 mg/100g | Mirfat et al., 2015 | ||
Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching ranged from 68.47 ± 1.56 to 48.65 ± 2.70% TPC ranged from 221.47 ± 10.71 to 339.97 ± 20.58 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | ||
Mangifera pentandra | Pulp | 70% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method | IC50 : 13.27 ± 0.81 mg/ml, TPC: 676.24 ± 40.13 mg/100g, TFC 118.82 ± 24.83 mg/100g and AAC 400.94 ± 71.74 mg/100g | Mirfat et al., 2015 | |
Pulp (mature-green, ripe) | Water | AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay | Ripe extract showed higher AAC (175.07 ± 4.89 µg AAE/g), scavenging activity (100.46 ± 2.27 μg TE/g), FRAP activity (80.47 ± 2.08 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (88.94 ± 1.43%) | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 | ||
Mangifera quadrifida | Pulp (mature-green, ripe) | Water | AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay | Mature-green extract showed higher AAC (123.51 ± 7.88 µg AAE/g), TPC (51.88 ± 1.00 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (200.58 ± 13.75 μg TE/g) and FRAP activity (78.82 ± 7.86 μg TE/g) | Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012 | |
Nephelium malaiense | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 97.30 ± 0.00% TPC: 894.61 ± 81.19 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Nephelium ramboutan-ake | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 72.07 ± 4.13% TPC: 240.67 ± 18.50 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Nypa fruticans | Endosperm (ripe and unripe) | 50% ethanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method ABTS assay FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay Phosphomolybdenum method | Unripe extract exhibited the highest TPC (135.6 ± 4.5 mg GAE/g), TFC (68.6 ± 3.1 RE/g) and antioxidant capacity; ABTS activity (78 ± 1.2%), DPPH activity (85 ± 2.6%), antioxidant excellent coefficient (2,550 ± 123), phosphomolybdenum activity (0.9) and FRAP activity (819 ± 4.3 mmol Fe2+/100g) | Prasad et al., 2013 | |
Pandanus tectorius | Keys, core | Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | Ethyl acetate core extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50: 0.8 ± 0.20 mg/ml) and TPC (180 µ GAE/g). | Andriani et al., 2015 | |
Parkia speciosa | Empty pod | Water, 95% ethanol | Thiocyanate method Superoxide radical scavenging assay DPPH radical scavenging assay ABTS radical scavenging assay Metal chelating FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method | Ethanol extract showed stronger antioxidant activities with IC50: DPPH (64.2 ± 3.46 µg/ml), ABTS radical scavenging (19.6 ± 0.44), anti-lipid peroxidation (5.02 ± 1.06), metal chelating (319 ± 26.3) and reducing power (274 ± 16.1) and contained higher TPC and TFC | Ko et al., 2014 | |
Phyllanthus emblica | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 81.98 ± 5.63% TPC: 2,664.97 ± 115.40 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Pometia sp | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 97.30 ± 0.00% TPC: 894.61 ± 81.19 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Pouteria campechiana | Seed, pulp, peel | Distilled water, 70% methanol, 70% ethanol | ABTS assay FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method | Antioxidant activities of ethanolic and methanolic extracts did not differ significantly. 70% ethanol showed the highest TPC and TFC for all the fruit parts. Seed contained the highest TPC (2,304.7 mg GAE/100g), pulp contained the highest TFC (6,414 mg RE/g) | Kong et al., 2013 | |
Pulp | 80% methanol | DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | Scavenging activity: 73.32 ± 0.72% FRAP activity: 0.43 ± 0.09 mM Fe2+ TPC: 21.0 ± 0.1 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | ||
Rubus moluccanus | Whole fruit | 80% methanol | Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay ABTS scavenging assay | TPC: 20.76 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g, TFC: 18.17 ± 0.20 mg CE/g, TAC: 36.96 ± 0.39 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 9.69 ± 0.58 mg BC/g Scavenging activity: 38.00 ± 1.63 µg/ml FRAP activity: 0.73 ± 0.03 mM Fe2+/g ABTS activity: 50.37 ± 5.28 mg AEAC/g | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | |
Rubus fraxinifolius | TPC: 11.09 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g, TFC: 5.82 ± 0.02 mg CE/g, TAC: 23.82 ± 0.77 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 10.49 ± 1.01 mg BC/g Scavenging activity: 86.00 ± 3.65 µg/ml FRAP activity: 0.75 ± 0.03 mM Fe2+/g ABTS activity: 26.34 ± 4.79 mg AEAC/g | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | ||||
Rubus alpestris | TPC: 24.25 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g, TFC: 8.88 ± 0.53 mg CE/g, TAC: 33.62 ± 1.39 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 21.86 ± 0.63 mg BC/g Scavenging activity: 29.00 ± 3.07 µg/ml FRAP activity: 0.79 ± 0.05 mM Fe2+/g ABTS activity: 70.93 ± 6.26 mg AEAC/g | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | ||||
Salacca conferta | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 84.68 ± 8.69% TPC: 1,455.29 ± 62.14 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Sandoricum macropodum | Pulp | 80% methanol | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | β-carotene bleaching: 74.77 ± 3.12% TPC: 3,185.05 ± 59.00 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Syzygium jambos | Pulp | Hexane | β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method TCC | β-carotene bleaching: 90.09 ± 3.12% TPC: 555.57 ± 28.33 mg GAE/100g edible portion TCC: 1.41 mg/100g | Ikram et al., 2009; Khoo et al., 2008 | |
Syzigium malaccense | Pulp | Hexane | FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Total carotene content | FRAP activity: 0.22 ± 0.03 mM Fe2+ Scavenging activity: 17.01 ± 0.32% TPC: 6.0 ± 0.0 mg GAE/100g TCC: 3.35 mg/100g | Ikram et al., 2009;Khoo et al., 2008 | |
Ziziphus mauritiania | Pulp | 80% methanol | FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method | FRAP activity: 0.46 ± 0.07 mM Fe2+ Scavenging activity: 74.96 ± 0.44% β-carotene bleaching: 57.66 ± 8.26% TPC: 1,321.98 ± 4.14 mg GAE/100g | Ikram et al., 2009 | |
Antimicrobial | Artocarpus altilis | Whole fruit, pulp, peel | Hexane, dichloromethane, methanol | Disc diffusion method Microdilution method | Methanol pulp extract showed the highest zone of inhibition (14.83 ± 0.28 to 20.50 ± 0.76 mm) against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested. MIC and MBC/MFC for the extracts ranged from 4,000 to 63 μg/ml. MBC/MFC values varied from 250 to 4,000 μg/ml | Jalal et al., 2015 |
Averhhoa bilimbi | Whole fruit | Water (juice) | Disc diffusion method | Fruit juice significantly (p < 0.05) reduced aerobic bacteria (APC) (0.40–0.70 log cfu/g), Listeria monocytogenes (0.84–1.58 log cfu/g) and Salmonella typhimurium (1.03–2.00 log cfu/g) | Wan Norhana et al., 2009 | |
Baccaurea angulata | Whole fruit, peel, berry | Methanol, ethanol, water | Agar well diffusion method Microdilution method | Ethanol peel extract had the highest antimicrobial activity (37 ± 1.0 mm) against Streptococcus pneumoniae at concentration of 1,000 µg/ml. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity | Momand, 2014 | |
Canarium odontophyllum | Pulp | Methanol, acetone, hexane, distilled water | Agar well diffusion method | All extracts were not active against the bacteria, acetone extract displayed moderate activity against Candida glabrata (8.0 ± 0.00 mm) and hexane extract was active against C. glabrata only at 100 mg/ml | Basri et al., 2014a | |
Seed | Ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol | Agar well diffusion method | Ethyl acetate extract was active against Bacillus cereus with inhibition zone ranging from 9.6 ± 0.1 to 14.6 ± 0.1 mm, whereas the acetone extract inhibited Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baumannii at 9.6 ± 0.0 to 14.0 ± 0.0 mm and 7.0 ± 0.1 to 13.0 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. MIC and MBC values of ethyl acetate and acetone extract were the same against B. cereus and A. baumannii at 6.25 mg/ml and 1.563 mg/ml, respectively | Basri et al., 2014b | ||
Garcinia parvifolia | Whole fruit | Well diffusion method | Isolate 56 GP from fruit part identified as Fusarium equiseti possessed the most antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (9 mm), Agromyces lapidis (6 mm), Listeria monocytogenes (7 mm), Bacillus megaterium (5 mm) and B. subtilis (5 mm) | Sim et al., 2010 | ||
Mangifera pajang | Kernel | Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol | Disc diffusion method | All extracts showed no significant inhibition activity towards methicillin resistant S. aureus MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis and B. subtilis. Only isolated compound methyl gallate demonstrated strong antibacterial activity towards MRSA (21.5 mm). None of extracts and isolated compounds showed activity against Candida albican, Aspergillus ochraceaus and Sacchoromyces cerevisiae | Ahmad et al., 2015 | |
Pandanus tectorius | Keys, core | Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol | Disc diffusion method | Ethyl acetate keys extract demonstrated the highest activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis with the range of inhibition zone of 10–15 mm | Andriani et al., 2015 | |
Rubus moluccanus | Whole fruit | 80% methanol | Disc diffusion method | Effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Mild inhibition towards B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | |
Rubus fraxinifolius | No inhibition towards B. subtilis | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | ||||
Rubus alpestris | The highest activity against S. enteritidis (8.50 ± 1.80 mm) followed by B. subtilis (7.83 ± 1.26 mm) | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | ||||
Anti-cholinesterase | Canarium odontophyllum | Pulp+peel, seed | 80% methanol, distilled water | Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay | Only 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 0-100 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the seed (22.4%) | Ali Hassan, 2013b |
Cyphomandra betacea | Pulp, peel | 80% methanol, distilled water | Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay | Only 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 50–250 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the peel | Ali Hassan and Abu Bakar, 2013 | |
Garcinia parvifolia | Pulp, peel | 80% methanol, distilled water | Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay | Only 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 50–250 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the pulp (14.3%). The activity was much smaller than positive control, galanthamine | Ali Hassan et al., 2013c | |
Rubus moluccanus | Whole fruit | 80% methanol | Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay | The highest activity was 26.42 ± 1.41%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%) | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | |
Rubus fraxinifolius | The highest activity was 23.06 ± 1.12%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%) | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | ||||
Rubus alpestris | The highest activity was 25.30 ± 1.56%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%) | Abu Bakar et al., 2016 | ||||
Cytotoxicity | Artocarpus odoratissimus | Peel, seed | Ethanol | MTT assay | No cytotoxic activity shown by all extracts in the cancer cell lines tested; human liver cancer cell (HepG2), human colon cancer cell (HT-29) and human ovarian cancer cell (Caov3) | Abu Bakar et al., 2010 |
Cynometra cauliflora | Whole fruit | Methanol | MTT assay | Extract was very cytotoxic towards human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells (CD50 0.9 µg/ml) and inhibited the cells into apoptotic cell death mode. However, it was less cytotoxic towards normal mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3/NIH cells | Tajudin et al., 2012 | |
Garcinia dulcis | Peel, pulp, seed | 80% methanol | MTT assay Cell cycle analysis Caspase-3 colorimetric assay | Seed extract induced the lowest cytotoxicity against human liver HepG2 cancer cell line with IC50 value of 7.5 ± 2.52 µg/ml. Pulp extract induced cell cycle arrest at sub- G1 (apoptosis) phase. The cell population underwent apoptosis after exposure of the HepG2 cell line to pulp extract. Caspase-3 was activated which led to the death of HepG2 cell | Abu Bakar et al., 2015 | |
Mangifera pajang | Kernel | Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol | MTT assay | Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed strong cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 (human breast) and HeLa (human cervical) cancer cell lines with IC50 values less than 10 μg/ml, and displayed strong to moderate activities towards HT-29 (human colon cancer) | Ahmad et al., 2015 | |
Kernel, peel, pulp | Ethanol | MTT assay | Kernel extract induced strong cytotoxic activity against human liver (HepG2), colon (HT-29), ovary (Caov3), and breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines tested, especially MCF-7 (IC50 23.0 mg/ml) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 30.5 mg/ml) | Abu Bakar et al., 2011 | ||
Kernel | Ethanol | Flow cytometric analysis Caspase colorimetric protease assay | For MCF-7 cells, a significant arrest at G0/G1 was observed at 24 h treatment. Proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis increased significantly up to 30.7% and 51.8% compared to controls (2.9% and 5.2%). For MDA-MB-231, the proportion of cells in the G2-M phase increased significantly following 24 and 48 h. Apoptosis was dependent on caspase-2 and -3 in MCF-7 cells, and on caspase-2, -3 and -9 in MDA-MB-231 cells. | Abu Bakar et al., 2010 | ||
Kernel, peel, pulp | Ethanol | MTT assay | Kernel and peel extracts displayed cytotoxic activity in HepG2 and Caov3 with IC50 values ranging from 34.5 to 92.0 mg/ml. Kernel extract inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cell line with IC50 63.0 mg/ml | Abu Bakar et al., 2010 | ||
Pandanus tectorius | Keys, core | Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol | MTT assay | Keys and core extracts were no cytotoxic against normal (L-6 and RAW) and cancer (MCF-7, HeLa, and HepG2) cell lines. IC50 values of all extracts towards RAW were more than 30 µg/ml | Andriani et al., 2015 | |
Cytoprotective | Baccaurea angulata | Whole fruit, peel, pulp | Distilled water | In Vivo Method Lipid peroxidation assay Enzymatic antioxidant assays High cholesterol-induced rabbits | MDA levels were highest in cholesterol + peel juice group (671.04 %). Catalase was highest in cholesterol + whole fruit juice group (12.66 %) compared to simvastatin control (9.13 %). TAC was also highest in whole fruit group (309.08 ± 35.59 mM) | Mikail et al., 2015 |
Canarium odontophyllum | Pericarp, peel | 80% methanol | In Vitro & In Vivo Method Cell culture assays MTT assay NAD+ assay CD36 ELISA assay LDL-oxidation method in rats | Peel extract (1.0 mg/ml) showed protective effect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The extract was not cytotoxic to normal liver cell. IC50 concentration (0.153 mg/ml) | Khoo et al., 2014 | |
Pulp | Chloroform-methanol | In Vivo Method Rabbit fed oil | Pulp oil increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, triglycerides, TBARS levels with enhancement of SOD, GPx, and plasma total antixodant status (TAS) levels. Kernel oil increased SOD and TAS levels | Shakirin et al., 2012a | ||
Mangifera pajang | Pulp, kernel, peel | Ethanol | Cell culture | Kernel extract and quercetin showed cytoprotective activity in HepG2 cells, with EC50 values of 1.2 and 5.3 µg/ml, respectively | Abu Bakar et al., 2013 | |
Anti-atheroschlerotic | Baccaurea angulata | Fruit | Water (juice) | In Vivo Method Cholesterol-induced rabbits | Juice reduced plaque formation in rabbits’ aorta. In the high-cholesterol diet (group CH), high cholesterol diet with juice treatments (C1, C2 and C3) and standard chow diet (group N), 96, 55, 49, 22 and 0%, respectively, of the entire aorta were covered with plaque | Mikail et al., 2014 |
Canarium odontophyllum | Pulp | Oil | In Vivo Method Cholesterol-induced rabbits | Hypercholesterolemic diet + 5% defatted pulp (HD) group exhibited the greatest reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation by nearly 80%, induced by a significant reduction in total cholesterol (96.3%) and LDL-c (26.5%) and lipid peroxidation levels | Nurulhuda et al., 2013 | |
Pulp, kernel | Chloroform, methanol | In Vivo Method Cholesterol-induced rabbits | HD group (treated with defatted pulp) exhibited the greatest reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation by nearly 80% | Shakirin et al., 2012b | ||
Anti-hyperlipidemia | Garcinia atroviridis | Whole fruit, fruit rind | Methanol, distilled water | In Vivo Method Poloxamer 407-induced acute hyperlipidemic rats | Aqueous extract of ripe fruit showed the highest antihyperlipidemic activity, compared to atorvastatin. It significantly reduced the total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglycerides (P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01), very-low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01) and atherogenic index (P < 0.01) | Al-Mansoub et al., 2014 |
Antidiabetic | Canarium odontophyllum | Pulp with peel | Ethanol | In Vivo Method Obese-diabetic-induced rats | Extract at a concentration of 600 mg/kg body weight reduced the plasma glucose level by 30%. The result was strongly correlated with the reduction of plasma glucose at 60 to 90 min in the OGTT and a lower AUC value | Mokiran et al., 2014 |
Cardioprotective | Canarium odontophyllum | Peel, pericarp | 53% methanol, 80% methanol | In Vivo Method Hypercholesterolemic-induced rabbits | Defatted peel had the highest amount of anthocyanin C3G (55.12 ± 0.82 mg/g). C3G-rich extract inhibited MDA production in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits and elevated cellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) | Khoo et al., 2013 |
Anti-platelet | Garcinia atroviridis | Whole fruit | Methanol | In Vivo Method Electrical impedance method | Anti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 72.0 ± 0.03% (ADP) | Jantan et al., 2011 |
Garcinia hombroniana | Anti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 50.0 ± 0.1% (AA), 50.0 ± 0.9% (ADP), 41 ± 0.1% (collagen) | Jantan et al., 2011 | ||||
Garcinia prainiana | Anti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 36.0 ± 0.1% (AA), 33 ± 0.1% (ADP), 37 ± 0.1% (collagen) | Jantan et al., 2011 |
Family | Biological Activity | Phytochemical Identification | |||||||||||||||||||
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Antioxidant | Antimicrobial | Anti-cholinesterase | Cytotoxicity | Cytoprotective | Anti-atherosclerotic | Anti-hyperlipidemia | Antidiabetic | Cardioprotective | Anti-platelet | ||||||||||||
In vitro | In vivo | In vitro | In vivo | In vitro | In vivo | In vitro | In vivo | In vitro | In vivo | In vitro | In vivo | In vitro | In vivo | In vitro | In vivo | In vitro | In vivo | In vitro | In vivo | ||
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