Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online
Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 1, March 2018, pages 2-30


Underutilised fruits: a review of phytochemistry and biological properties

Tables

Table 1. Ethnobotanical uses of selected Malaysian underutilised fruits
 
FamilySpeciesLocal NameUseReference
AnacardiaceaeBouea macrophyllaKundangFreshly eaten as salad, processed into pickle and used as cooking ingredients (whole ripe fruit). Serves as ornamental fruit treeKhoo et al., 2016; Rajan et al., 2014; Rajan and Bhat, 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Mangifera caesiaBinjaiFreshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle and used as food additive. Treatment of cold, body itchiness, high blood pressure and bronchitisMirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Gerten et al., 2015
Mangifera foetidaBacangFreshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle, used as salad and as food additives (unripe flesh). Seeds used against trichophytosis, scabies and eczemaKhoo et al., 2016; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Mangifera laurinaMempelam airSource of food. Treatment of shinglesGerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016
Mangifera longipetiolataSepamSource of foodMirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016
Mangifera odorataKuiniFreshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle and jam, used as salad and food additives (unripe flesh)Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Mangifera pajangBambanganFreshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle (flesh, peel and kernel) and used as food additives (unripe flesh). Peels are used in different fruit ingredients or incorporated in food products. Treatment of scabies, ulcer, winds, etc.Abu Bakar and Fry, 2013; Azlan et al., 2013; Gerten et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2011; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Mangifera pentandraMempelam bemban / Asam pauhFreshly eaten, processed into pickle, jam, chutney and used in cooking dishes (unripe flesh and seed). Treatment of piles and gastric pain. Increase men’s healthGerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
ArecaceaeNypa fruticansNipahFreshly eaten (unripe fruits). Sap (obtained from the inflorescence stalk) is used to produce alcoholic drink, beverage, vinegar, sweets, sugar and syrupSum et al., 2013; Prasad et al., 2013
Salacca confertaAsam kelubiSource of foodIkram et al., 2009
BombacaceaeDurio kutejensisDurian nyekakFreshly eaten (ripe flesh)Voon and Kueh, 1999; Khoo et al., 2016
BurseraceaeCanarium odontophyllumDabaiFreshly eaten, made into jam, pickle and used as salad and cooking ingredients (ripe flesh)Ali Hassan et al., 2013b; Azlan et al., 2010; Basri, et al., 2014a; Khoo et al., 2012b; Salma et al., 2006
Dacryodes rostrataKembayauSource of food; fruits soaked in warm water before consumption. Preserved with salt or soy sauce, and eaten as appetisers with rice or porridgeKong et al., 2011; Salma et al., 2006; Tee et al., 2014
EuphorbiaceaeBaccaurea angulataTampoi belimbing / Belimbing dayakSource of foodJauhari et al., 2013; Momand, 2014
Baccaurea lanceolataLiposu / LimpaungSource of foodBakar et al., 2014
Baccaurea macrocarpaTampoi putihFreshly eaten (ripe flesh)Abu Bakar et al., 2014; Khoo et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Baccaurea motleyanaRambaiFreshly eaten and made into jam (ripe flesh)Khoo et al., 2016; Mokhtar et al., 2014; Salma et al., 2006
Baccaurea polyneuraJentik-jentikFreshly eatenSalma et al., 2006
FabaceaeCynometra caulifloraNam-namFreshly eaten as salad and cooking ingredients (ripe flesh). Used as traditional medicine and ornamental purposeAbd Aziz and Mohammad, 2013; Khoo et al., 2016; Tajudin et al., 2012
FlacourtiaceaeFlacourtia jangomasKerekupTreatment of stomachic diarrhea, inflammation, skin disease, jaundice, tumours, nausea, dyspepsia and diabetesMohamed, 2012
Flacourtia rukamRokamSource of foodSalma et al., 2006
GnetaceaeGnetum gnemonBelinjau / MelinjauSeeds are prepared as crackers, in cooking dishes (soup) and as coffee substituteBhat and Yahya, 2014; Voon and Kueh, 1999
GuttiferaeGarcinia atroviridisAsam gelugorNormally dried (flesh) and used as food additives. Leaves used as vegetable and salad. Treatment of cough, dandruff, earache, throat irritation, high blood pressure, itchiness, post-natal treatment and metal cleaningAl-Mansoub et al., 2014; Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006
Garcinia dulcisMunduFreshly eaten (flesh), processed into pickle and used as cooking ingredients Treatment of lymphatitis, parotitis and goitreAbu Bakar et al., 2015
Garcinia hombronianaBeruasFreshly eaten (flesh)Khoo et al., 2016
Garcinia parvifoliaKundongFreshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle (unripe) and dried flesh used as food additives. Treatment of cough, sore throat, swelling and post-natal treatmentGerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006
Garcinia prainianaCerapuFreshly eaten (ripe flesh) and used in cooking dishes (unripe)Salma et al., 2006
LauraceaeLitsea garciaeEngkala / PengolabanFreshly eaten (flesh) and used in cooking dishes (seed). Treatment of boils and feverAli Hassan et al., 2013a; Husen, 2015; Salma et al., 2006
LeguminosaeParkia speciosaPetaiFreshly eaten (fruit or cotyledon) and used in cooking dishes. Diuretic and relaxing properties. Treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes, and has antibacterial effects on kidney, ureter and urinary bladderKo et al., 2014; Salma et al., 2006; Voon and Kueh, 1999
MeliaceaeSandoricum macropodumSentolSource of foodIkram et al., 2009
MoraceaeArtocarpus altilisSukunImmature or ripe fruits (flesh) are eaten after boiling, baking, roasting or frying. Used as cooking ingredient. Serves as traditional medicine, clothing and animal feedAnupunt et al., 2003; Jalal et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006
Artocarpus odoratissimusTarap / TerapFreshly eaten (ripe flesh) and made into crackers (seed)Abu Bakar et al., 2009; Salma et al., 2006
MyrtaceaeSyzygium jambosJambu mawarFreshly eaten, made into jam and served as dessert (whole ripe fruit). Ripe fruits used as a tonic for brain and liver and as a diuretic; seeds for treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and catarrhKhoo et al., 2016
Syzygium malaccenseJambu bolFreshly eaten (whole ripe fruit), as pickle and used in cooking dishes (unripe fruit). Fruit decoction as a febrifuge. Flatulent and antithirstKhoo et al., 2016; Wetwitayaklung et al., 2012
OxalidaceaeAverrhoa bilimbiBelimbing buluhFreshly eaten as salad, made into pickle and used in cooking dishes (whole ripe fruit). Treatment of fever, cold, coughs, pimples, itches, boils, beriberi, biliousness, inflammation of the rectum, internal haemorrhoids, hypertension, diabetes, syphilis and rheumatismAbraham, 2016; Khoo et al., 2016; Muhamad et al., 2014; Noor and Noriham, 2014; Salma et al., 2006
PandanaceaePandanus tectoriusPandan lautSource of food (keys)Andriani et al., 2015
PhyllanthaceaePhyllanthus emblicaBuah MelakaFreshly eaten (ripe flesh), as pickle and used in cooking dishes (unripe flesh). Treat cough and asthma. Remedies for hepatic disordersKhoo et al., 2016; Kubola et al., 2011
RhamnaceaeZiziphus mauritaniaBidaraFreshly eaten as salad or pickle, and used in cooking dishes (whole ripe fruit). Ripe fruits for treatment of sore throat and cough; seeds for treatment of diarrhea and weakness of stomachKhoo et al., 2016
RosaceaeRubus moluccanusWild berryNo reportAbu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifoliusWild berryNo reportAbu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestrisWild berryNo reportAbu Bakar et al., 2016
RutaceaeCitrus hystrixLimau purutSource of foodAbd Ghafar et al., 2010
Citrus aurantifoliaLimau nipisSource of food and food additives. Relieve body from winds and eliminate body odourAbd Ghafar et al., 2010; Gerten et al., 2015
Citrus microcarpaLimau kasturiSource of food and food additives—eliminates fishy smell of fish. Used as seasoningAbd Ghafar et al., 2010; Cheong et al., 2012; Gerten et al., 2015
SapotaceaePouteria campechianaKuning telurSource of foodKong et al., 2013
SapindaceaeDimorcarpus longanIsauFreshly eatenSalma et al., 2006
Lepisanthes rubiginosaMertajamSource of foodIkram et al., 2009
Nephelium malaienseMata kucingSource of foodIkram et al., 2009
Nephelium ramboutan-akePulasan / MeritamFreshly eaten and used as cooking ingredients. Treatment of scabbies and itchinessGerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006
Pometia spLenggengSource of foodIkram et al., 2009
SolanaceaeCyphomandra betaceaBuah cinta / tamarilloSource of foodAli Hassan and Abu Bakar, 2013

 

Table 2. Phytochemical compounds from different parts of Malaysian underutilised fruits
 
SpeciesPartCompoundClassificationReference
Artocarpus odoratissimusPulpQuercetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringinPhenolicsAbu Bakar et al., 2010
SeedKaempferol, ferulic acid, diosmin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, naringinPhenolics
Baccaurea angulataPeelCatechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetinPhenolicsAhmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015
PulpCatechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetinPhenolicsAhmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015
Whole fruitCatechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetinPhenolicsAhmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015
Baccaurea motleyanaPulpCitric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acidOrganic acidsMokhtar et al., 2014
Bouea macrophyllaPulpAlpha-cadinol, delta-cadinene, tumerone, alpha-muurolene, alpha-terpineol, candin-4-en-10-ol, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, (e,e)-alpha-farnesene, alpha-muurolol, (E)-beta-ionone, delta-cadinene, 5,6-decanedione, acetophenone and acetyl valery
Hexanedioic acid, bis (2-ethyl) ester
Pentanoic acid, 2-propanoic acid, trimethylacetic anhydride, N-hexadecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, oleic acid
α-terpineol, β-terpineol, thymol, myristic acid, eugenol, octanal, non-anal
Terpenes
Ketones
Esters
Acids
Rajan et al., 2014
Canarium odontophyllumPulpCatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, methyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acidPhenolicsKhoo et al., 2012a
All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-caroteneCarotenoidsPrasad et al., 2011a
PeelCatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, methyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside , cyanidin-3-arabinoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucosidePhenolicsKhoo et al., 2012a; Khoo et al., 2013
All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-caroteneCarotenoidsPrasad et al., 2011a
Pulp with peelCatechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidinPhenolicsKhoo et al., 2012a
PericarpCyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside , cyanidin-3-arabinosidePhenolicsKhoo et al., 2013
SeedAll-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-caroteneCarotenoidsPrasad et al., 2011a
Dacryodes rostrataSeedGallic acid, epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, apigenin 7-(4″-Z-p-coumarylglucoside), 1-caffeoyl-4-deoxyquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, (±)-catechin, syringic acid, ellagic acid, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallatePhenolicsTee et al., 2015
Garcinia dulcisPulp5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 2,5-furandione, 3-methyl, furfural, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-, propanoate (CAS) 2-methylbutyl propionate, catechol, 2,5-furandione, dihydro-3-methylene-, 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, D-allose, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 1,6-anhydro-alpha-d-galactofuranose, 5,5′-oxy-dimethylene-bis(2-furaldehyde), 1,4-dioxadiene, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, n-hexadecanoic acid, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, octadecanoic acid, heptadecene-(8)-carbonic acid-(1), 2-furanmethanolTerpenoidsAbu Bakar et al., 2015
Litsea garciaePulpViniferin, cyanidin, ferulic acidPhenolicsHusen, 2015
SeedDihydroquercetin, p-coumaroyl tartaric acid, caffeoyl tartaric acid, cinnamoyl glucosePhenolics
CupuleFerulic acid, cinnamoyl glucose, epigallocatechinPhenolics
PeelViniferin, elphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, cinnamoyl glucosePhenolics
Mangifera caesiaPulpGallic acid, vanillic acid, mangiferinPhenolicsSulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera foetidaPulpMangiferin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acidPhenolicsSulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera odorataPulpMangiferin, gallic acid, vanillic acidPhenolicsSulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera pajangPeelPyrogallic acid, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, mangiferin, rutin, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, 4-hydroxy- benzoic acid, vanillic acid, ethyl gallate, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, morin, daidzein, kaempferol, luteolin, diosmin, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acidPhenolicsAbu Bakar et al., 2010; Ahmad et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2011; Prasad et al., 2011b
PulpLuteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acidPhenolicsAbu Bakar et al., 2010
KernelMethyl gallate and a mixture of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol together with β-sitosterolPhenolic estersAbu Bakar et al., 2010;
Diosmin, rutin, mangiferonic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringin, hesperidinPhenolicsAhmad et al., 2015
Mangifera pentandraPulpMangiferin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acidPhenolicsSulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera quadrifidaPulpMangiferin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acidPhenolicsSulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Nypa fruticansEndospermChlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin, cinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acidPhenolicsPrasad et al., 2013
Parkia speciosaEmpty podGallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, quercetin, epicatechin, vanillic acid, kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acidPhenolicsKo et al., 2014
Rubus moluccanusWhole fruit2-propenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester, pyruvate, furfural, 1,3-butadiene-1-carboxylic acid, propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester, dl-glyceraldehyde dimer, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pyrone, isopropylmethylnitrosamine, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, hydroxymethyl furfural, 1,1,2-triacetoxyethane, butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl, (S)-, benzeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxy-,methyl ester, succinic acid, 3-methylbutyl pentyl ester, β-D-glucopyranoside,methyl, quinic acid, β-tocopherol, δ-sitosterolTerpenoidsAbu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifoliusWhole fruit2-propenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester, furfural, 1,3-butadiene-1-carboxylic acid, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 1,1,2-triacetoxyethane, 3-deoxy-d-mannoic lactoneTerpenoidsAbu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestrisWhole fruitFurfural, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, furaneol, 1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, methyl ester, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, butane, 1,1′-1 (isopentyloxy) methoxy]-3-methylbutane, rhamnose, 5,5′-oxy-dimethylene-bis (2-furaldehyde), β-tocopherol, stigmast-5-en-3-olTerpenoidsAbu Bakar et al., 2016
Syzigium jambosPulp3-phenylpropan-1-ol, (E)-cinnamyl alcohol, (Z)-hex-3-en-l-ol, hexanol, hexanal, (Z)-hex-3-enal, linalool, myrcene, geraniol, citronellol, nerol, α-terpineol, cis-rose oxide, geranial, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, trans-rose oxide, α-cubebene, δ-cadineneTerpenoidsWong and Lai, 1996
Syzigium malaccensePulpLimonene, linalool, geraniol, nerol, δ-cadinene, α-selinene, humuleneTerpenoidsWong and Lai, 1996

 

Table 3. Biological activities of Malaysian underutilised fruits
 
Biological ActivitySpeciesPartExtractExperimental MethodDescriptionReference
AntioxidantArtocarpus altilisWhole fruit, pulp, peelHexane, dichloromethane and methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
β-carotene linoleic acid model system
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
Methanol pulp extract showed the highest scavenging activity (IC50: 55 ± 5.89 μg/ml), β-carotene bleaching (88.34 ± 1.31%) compared to Trolox (90.02 ± 1.51 %), total phenolic content (TPC) (781 ± 52.97 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry sample) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (6,213.33 ± 142.22 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g)Jalal et al., 2015
Artocarpus odoratissimusPulp, seed80% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Seed extract showed higher antioxidant activity; TPC (14.67 mg GAE/g) and TFC (3.65 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g). Pulp extract contained higher total antioxidant capacity (11.02 ± 0.38 mg c-3-gE/100g)Abu Bakar et al., 2009
Averrhoa bilimbiWhole fruitWaterFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Averrhoa bilimbi L. extract showed higher TPC (41.00 ± 2.75 mg GAE/g) and TFC (23.32 ± 3.50 mg/QE g) than A. bilimbi cv. Averrhoa bilimbi cv. showed higher FRAP (1.76 ± 0.87 mmol TE/g), scavenging activity and β-carotene linoleate bleaching: (87.65 ± 3.12%)Noor and Noriham, 2014
Pulp80% methanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
TPC: 1,261.63 31.41 mg GAE/100g. Antioxidant activity: 91.89 ± 0.00%Ikram et al., 2009
Baccaurea angulataWhole fruit, pulp, peelMethanol, phosphate buffered saline (PBS)Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Linoleic acid peroxidation assay
Phosphatidylcholine peroxidation assay
Methanol pulp extract showed the highest TPC (15,357.77 ± 150.72 μg GAE/g), TFC (37.32 ± 0.55 mg QE/g) and total carotene content (TCC) (6,571.43 ± 185.86 μg beta-carotene equivalent (BC)/100g). Methanol peel extract showed the highest scavenging activity (96.80 ± 0.53%), while methanol whole fruit showed the highest linoleic acid peroxidation (96.60 ± 0.29 %) and phosphatidylcholine peroxidation (78.48 ± 0.85%)Ahmed et al., 2015
Whole fruit, peel, pulpDistilled water (juice)In Vivo Method
Lipid peroxidation assay
Enzymatic antioxidant assays
High cholesterol-induced rabbits
Plasma malon-aldehyde (MDA) levels were highest in cholesterol + peel juice group (671.04 %). Catalase was highest in cholesterol + whole fruit juice group (12.66 %) compared to simvastatin control (9.13 %). TAC was also highest in whole fruit group (309.08 ± 35.59 mM)Mikail et al., 2015
Whole fruit, pulp, peelMethanol, PBSFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Lipid peroxidation assay
Methanol pulp extract showed the highest TPC (11,308.59 ± 12.54 µg catechin equivalent (CAT)/g crude extracts), TFC (37.32 ± 0.55 mg QE/ g crude extracts) and total carotene content (TCC) (6,571.43 ± 185.86 µg BC/100g crude extracts). Methanol peel extract showed the highest scavenging activity (96.80 ± 0.53%) and methanol whole fruit extract showed the highest LPO (78.48 ± 0.85%)Ahmed et al., 2013
Whole fruit, peel, berry80% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
TEAC/ABTS scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Peel extract exhibited the highest antioxidant properties (p < 0.05); FRAP (50.86 ± 4.24 mm trolox equivalent (TE)/g), DPPH (78.54 ± 2.08 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/100g), TEAC (492.79 ± 53.77 mm TE/100g), TPC (8.62 ± 0.01 mg/g), TFC (19.12 ± 0.11 mg QE/g) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) (0.96 ± 0.19 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (c-3-g)/100g). Antioxidant activities were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with TPC and TFC but not to TACJauhari et al., 2013
Baccaurea lanceolataPericarp, pulp, seed80% methanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
ABTS scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Pulp extract showed the highest TPC (4.81 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g dry sample), TFC (4.73 ± 0.27 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g dry sample), DPPH activity (94.36 ± 0.02 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC)/g dry sample) and FRAP activity (2.81 ± 0.23 mM/g dry sample). Pericarp extract showed the highest TAC (0.50 ± 0.13 (mg c-3-gE/100g dry sample) and TCC (0.75 ± 0.00 mg BCE/g dry sample). Seed showed the highest ABTS activity (3.03 ± 0.11 AEAC/g dry sample)Abu Bakar et al., 2014
Baccaurea macrocarpaPericarp, pulp, seed80% methanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
ABTS scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Pericarp contained the highest amount of TPC, TFC, TAC and TCC with the values of 60.04 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g, 44.68 ± 0.67 mg CE/g, 1.23 ± 0.20 mg c-3-gE/100g and 0.81 ± 0.14 mg BCE/g. Results from DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays also showed that pericarp extract displayed the highest antioxidant capacity
Abu Bakar et al., 2014
Pulp80% methanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
TPC: 1,064.68 ± 19.40 mg GAE/100g and antioxidant activity: 76.58 ± 1.56 %Ikram et al., 2009
Baccaurea motleyanaPulp (young, mature, ripe)80 % aqueous methanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
TPC and antioxidant activity of young fruit extract were the highest with 97.23 mg/100g and 13.10%, respectivelyKin et al., 2011; Mokhtar et al., 2014
Pulp80% methanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
TPC: 1,160.14 ± 20.56 mg GAE/100g and antioxidant activity: 71.17 ± 5.63 %Ikram et al., 2009
Baccaurea polyneuraPulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 81.98 ± 312%
TPC: 1,064.68 ± 19.40 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Canarium odontophyllumPericarp, peel80% methanolIn Vitro and In Vivo Method
Cell culture assays
MTT assay
NAD+ assay
CD36 ELISA assay
LDL-oxidation method in rats
Peel extract (1.0 mg/ml) showed protective effect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The extract was not cytotoxic to normal liver cells. IC50 concentration (0.153 mg/ml) is good for inhibition of oxidized LDL binding to CD36 receptor.Khoo et al., 2014
Pulp, peel, pulp with peel80% methanol, distilled waterFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
TCC method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
ABTS scavenging assay
Methanol pulp extracts showed the highest potential in all tests; TPC (11.96 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g), TFC (10.11 ± 1.54 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g), TAC (12.75 ± 0.28 c-3-gE/100g), TCC (2.84 ± 0.11 mg BA/100g), DPPH (88.14 ± 1.42%), FRAP (30.52 ± 0.54 mM Fe2+/l) and ABTS (46.71 ± 0.98 mg AEAC/g)Ali Hassan et al., 2013b
Pericarp, peel80% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
CUPRAC assay
Peel crude extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity; DPPH (60%), CUPRAC (1.75 mM) as compared to pericarp and extract fractionsKhoo et al., 2013
Pulp with peel, peelMethanol, waterFolin-Ciocalteau method
pH differential method
TEAC assay
Pulp-peel crude extracts had the most significant antioxidant properties compared to the methanolic and water fractionsKhoo et al., 2012a
Pulp with peel, seedMethanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, waterFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Methanol peel extracts showed the highest TPC, TFC, TAC and antioxidant activitiesKhoo et al., 2012b
Whole fruit (purple, red)70% ethanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
TEAC assay
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Purple fruits had higher TPC (33.21 ± 6.11 mg GAE/g dry weight), TFC (103.92 ± 24.60 mg RE/g dry weight), TE (0.68 ± 0.09 mmol TE/g dry weight) and FRAP (1.74 ± 0.32 mmol Fe2+/g dry weight) than red fruitsChew et al., 2011
Peel, pulp, seedHexane:acetone: ethanol (70:15:15)Beta-carotene bleaching assay
ABTS scavenging assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Hemoglobin oxidation assay
Pulp exhibited excellent antioxidant activity coefficient of 2,611 ± 12.7 and the highest DPPH activity (30.5 ± 1%). Peel exhibited highest ABTS activity (84.5 ± 0.9%) and higher than beta carotene (74.6 ± 0.4%). Hemoglobin oxidation was highest in seed fraction (59.7 ± 0.03%)Prasad et al., 2010
Pulp, peel, pulp with peel, kernel80% methanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
Beta-carotene bleaching assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Peel showed the highest TPC (25.68 ± 1.02 mg GAE/g), beta-carotene bleaching (63.23 ± 1.59%), FRAP (1,744 ± 0.32 mM Fe2+/g) and DPPH (78.2 ± 0.5%)Shakirin et al., 2010
Citrus hystrixPulpWater (juice)Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
TPC: 490.74 ± 1.75 mg GAE/ml
TFC: 22.25 ± 0.20 mg GAE/ml
Scavenging activity: IC50 35 mg/100 ml
FRAP activity: 89.0 ± 5.88 µmol Fe2+/100 ml
Ghafar et al., 2010
Citrus aurantifoliaPulpWater (juice)Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
TPC: 211.70 ± 0.0 mg GAE/ml
TFC: 10.67 ± 0.27 mg GAE/ml
Scavenging activity: IC50 79 mg/100 ml
FRAP activity: 78 µmol Fe2+/100 ml
Ghafar et al., 2010
Citrus microcarpaPulpWater (juice)Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
TPC: 105.0 ± 3.0 mg GAE/100 ml
TFC: 8.70 ± 0.13 mg GAE/ml
Scavenging activity: IC50 125 mg/100 ml
FRAP activity: 48.18 ± 3.34 µmol Fe2+/100 ml
Ghafar et al., 2010
Cynometra caulifloraPulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 45.95 ± 2.70%
TPC: 1,868.94 ± 11.68 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Cyphomandra betaceaPulp, peel80% methanol, distilled waterFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Total carotene method
DPPH free radical scavenging assay
ABTS assay
FRAP assay
Methanol peel extract showed higher FRAP (9.33 ± 0.54 mM Fe2+/g) and ABTS activity (40.14 ± 1.76 AEAC/g), while pulp showed higher DPPH activity (31.82 ± 1.29%). TPC and TFC were higher in peel with 4.89 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g and 3.36 ± 0.01 mg RE/g, respectively. TAC and TCC were higher in pulp with 4.15 ± 0.04 mg/100g and 25.13 ± 0.35 mg/100gAli Hassan & Abu Bakar, 2013
Dacryodes rostrataPulp, peel, seed50% ethanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
Phosphomolybdenum method
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Seed exhibited the highest TPC (1,007.96 mg GAE/g dry weight), TFC (2,550.90 mg QE/g dry weight), scavenging activity, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum analysis over butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and ascorbic acidTee et al., 2015
Pulp, peel, seed70% ethanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
TEAC assay
FRAP assay
DPPH free radical scavenging assay
Seed extract exhibited the highest potential in all tests except TAC, with TPC (8,211.21–8,629.92 g GAE/100g), TFC (22,210.30–28,022.28 mg RE/100g),
TEAC (51.39–74.59 mmol TE/100g), FRAP (530.05–556.98 mmol Fe2+/100g) and DPPH (92.18–92.19%)
Kin et al., 2011
Dimorcarpus longanPulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 52.25 ± 3.12%
TPC: 203.92 ± 14.35 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Durio kutejensisPulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 54.05 ± 2.07%
TPC: 183.07 ± 6.23 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Flacourtia jangomasPulp70% ethanol, distilled waterFolin-ciocalteau reagent method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay.
AOAC method
Ethanol extracts gave the highest TPC (2,507.41 mg GAE/100g). DPPH activity was highly correlated with TPC (r = 1.000) and FRAP (r = 0.968). Ascorbic acid content (AAC) was 89.39 mg/100gMohamed, 2012
Flacourtia rukamPulp80% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Scavenging activity: 78.09 ± 3.09%
FRAP activity: 2.09 ± 0.13 mM Fe2+
TPC: 40.0 ± 0.2 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Garcinia atroviridisFruit with seed, fruit rind (ripe, unripe)Methanol, waterFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
ABTS assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Methanol unripe fruit extract showed the highest TPC (10.50 ± 0.39 mg GAE/g), TFC (4.37 ± 0.06 mg QE/g) and aqueous unripe fruit extract had the highest FRAP (17.57 ± 0.26 nmol Fe2+/g). Aqueous ripe and unripe fruit rind showed the highest DPPH (EC50: 943.08 ± 11.46 μg/ml) and ABTS (148.69 ± 4.54 μg/ml), respectivelyAl-Mansoub et al., 2014
Whole fruitMethanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
TBARS Assay
TPC: 4.4 ± 1.7 mg GAE/g
LDL oxidation: 53.0 ± 0.5% at 1,000 μg/ml
Jantan et al., 2011
Pulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 72.97 ± 2.70%
TPC: 68.41 ± 0.95 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Garcinia hombronianaWhole fruitMethanolFolin-Ciocalteu method
TBARS Assay
TPC: 20.7 ± 3.8 mg GAE/g
LDL oxidation at 1,000 μg/ml: 86.0 ± 7.1%
Jantan et al., 2011
Garcinia parvifoliaPulp, peel80% methanol, distilled waterFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
TCC method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
ABTS assay
Methanol pulp extract had the highest antioxidant properties; TPC: 7.2 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g, TFC: 5.9 ± 0.1 mg RE/g, DPPH: 85.4 ± 1.3%, FRAP: 16.6 ± 3.8 mM Fe2+/g and ABTS: 32.7 ± 8.5 mg AEAC/g. Peel showed the highest TAC: 4.4 ± 0.2 mg c-3-gE/100g and TCC: 17.0 ± 0.2 mg BC/100gAli Hassan et al., 2013c
Pulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 79.28 ± 7.80%
TPC: 95.84 ± 3.43 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Garcinia prainianaWhole fruit
Pulp
Methanol
80% methanol
Folin-Ciocalteau method
TBARS Assay
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
TPC: 33.6 ± 6.0 mg GAE/g
LDL oxidation at 1,000 μg/ml: 69.5 ± 0.7%
β-carotene bleaching: 91.90 ± 0.00%
TPC: 1,868.94 ± 11.68 mg GAE/100g
Jantan et al., 2011
Ikram et al., 2009
Gnetum gnemonSeedEthanol, waterFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Ethanol extract showed higher antioxidant properties except for FRAP assay. TPC: (15.1 ± 2.19 mg GAE/100g), tannins (35.6 ± 3.81 mg CE/100g), TFC (709 ± 79.9 mg CE/100g) and scavenging activity (48.9 ± 38.9%)Bhat and Yahya, 2014
Lepisanthes rubiginosaPulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching ranged from 54.05 ± 2.70 to 50.45 ± 5.63%.
TPC ranged from 1,110.21 ± 38.99 to 1,308.26 ± 79.94 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Litsea garciaePulp, cap, seed80% ethanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
ORAC scavenging assay
Freeze-dried seed extract showed the highest TPC (3,405.09 mg GAE/100g), TFC (534.94 mg RE/100g), DPPH (IC50: 0.22 mg/ml) and ORAC (120,675 μmol TE/100g). Other fruit extracts had higher TPC and TFC when superheated steam driedHusen, 2015
Pulp, stem cap, seed50% methanol, distilled waterDPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
ABTS scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Methanol extracts of stem cap displayed the highest antioxidant; DPPH (IC50: 16.7 ± 0.6 µg/ ml), FRAP (2,050.0 ± 28.5 μM Fe2+/g) and ABTS (25.05 ± 1.7 mg AEAC/g). The extract also showed the highest TPC (08.29 ± 0.70 mg GAE/g) and TFC (6.90 ± 0.61 mg RE/g)Ali Hassan et al., 2013a
Mangifera caesiaPulp70% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method
IC50 : 8.14 ± 0.17 mg/ml, TPC: 2,637.35 ± 178.92 mg/100g, TFC 550.67 ± 19.78 mg/100g and AAC 270.22 ± 12.79 mg/100gMirfat et al., 2015
Pulp (mature-green, ripe)WaterAOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Mature-green extract showed higher AAC (142.41 ± 2.98 µg AAE/g), TPC (122.82 ± 2.45 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (303.71 ± 21.11 μg TE/g), FRAP activity (868.29 ± 2.71 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (6.09 ± .2.21%)Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera foetidaPulp70% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method
IC50 : 43.22 ± 0.29 mg/ml, TPC: 2,917.92 ± 155.35 mg/100g, TFC 282.88 ± 71.75 mg/100g and AAC 122.13 ± 32.84 mg/100gMirfat et al., 2015
Pulp (mature-green, ripe)WaterAOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Ripe extract showed higher TPC (72.91 ± 0.44 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (291.48 ± 25.21 μg TE/g) and FRAP activity (101.79 ± 3.84 μg TE/g)Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera laurinaPulp70% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method
IC50 : 13.32 ± 0.11 mg/ml, TPC: 144.33 ± 23.88 mg/100g, TFC 176.71 ± 25.78 mg/100g and AAC 135.74 ± 30.33 mg/100gMirfat et al., 2015
Mangifera longipetiolataPulp70% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method
IC50 : 8.33 ± 0.08 mg/ml, TPC: 263.31 ± 35.53 mg/100g, TFC 129.11 ± 56.39 mg/100g and AAC 322.75 ± 32.55 mg/100gMirfat et al., 2015
Mangifera odorataPulp70% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method
IC50 : 20.16 ± 1.31 mg/ml, TPC: 257.17 ± 27.72 mg/100g, TFC 202.33 ± 32.19 mg/100g and AAC 47.32 ± 9.73 mg/100gMirfat et al., 2015
Pulp (mature-green, ripe)WaterAOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Ripe extract showed higher TPC (42.10 ± 3.27 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (114.74 ± 3.56 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (48.88 ± 0.61%)Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Pulp80% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Scavenging activity: 45.68 ± 11.09%
FRAP activity: 0.28 ± 0.10 mM Fe2+
TPC: 8.0 ± 0.0 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Mangifera pajangKernelPetroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolDPPH radical scavenging assayEthyl acetate and methanol kernel extracts showed strong radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 7.28 ± 0.30 and 8.84 ± 1.04 μg/mlAhmad et al., 2015
PeelWater (juice)In Vivo Method
Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and plasma antioxidant status in humans
Plasma total antioxidant status, plasma β-carotene and ascorbic acid were increased by 18, 45 and 28% compared to baseline level and placebo, but liver and kidney functions were unaffectedIbrahim et al., 2013
Pulp, kernel, peel80% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Kernel extract displayed the highest DPPH activity (23.23 mg AEAC/g), FRAP activity (3,130.00 ± 35.47 μM Fe2+/g), TPC (103.30 ± 0.63.mg GAE/g) and TFC (10.98 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g)Abu Bakar et al., 2009; Abu Bakar et al., 2011
PeelMethanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
TPC: 9.8 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g
Scavenging activity: 44.5 ± 0.24 μg/ml
FRAP activity: 1,248 μg/ml higher than ascorbic acid (1,318 μg/ml)
Hassan et al., 2011
Pulp70% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method
IC50 : 37.94 ± 1.29 mg/ml, TPC: 7,055.65 ± 101.89 mg/100g, TFC 256.42 ± 17.52 mg/100g and AAC 403.21 ± 46.83 mg/100gMirfat et al., 2015
Pulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching ranged from 68.47 ± 1.56 to 48.65 ± 2.70%
TPC ranged from 221.47 ± 10.71 to 339.97 ± 20.58 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Mangifera pentandraPulp70% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method
IC50 : 13.27 ± 0.81 mg/ml, TPC: 676.24 ± 40.13 mg/100g, TFC 118.82 ± 24.83 mg/100g and AAC 400.94 ± 71.74 mg/100gMirfat et al., 2015
Pulp (mature-green, ripe)WaterAOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Ripe extract showed higher AAC (175.07 ± 4.89 µg AAE/g), scavenging activity (100.46 ± 2.27 μg TE/g), FRAP activity (80.47 ± 2.08 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (88.94 ± 1.43%)Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera quadrifidaPulp (mature-green, ripe)WaterAOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Mature-green extract showed higher AAC (123.51 ± 7.88 µg AAE/g), TPC (51.88 ± 1.00 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (200.58 ± 13.75 μg TE/g) and FRAP activity (78.82 ± 7.86 μg TE/g)Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Nephelium malaiensePulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 97.30 ± 0.00%
TPC: 894.61 ± 81.19 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Nephelium ramboutan-akePulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 72.07 ± 4.13%
TPC: 240.67 ± 18.50 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Nypa fruticansEndosperm (ripe and unripe)50% ethanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
ABTS assay
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Phosphomolybdenum method
Unripe extract exhibited the highest TPC (135.6 ± 4.5 mg GAE/g), TFC (68.6 ± 3.1 RE/g) and antioxidant capacity; ABTS activity (78 ± 1.2%), DPPH activity (85 ± 2.6%), antioxidant excellent coefficient (2,550 ± 123), phosphomolybdenum activity (0.9) and FRAP activity (819 ± 4.3 mmol Fe2+/100g)Prasad et al., 2013
Pandanus tectoriusKeys, coreHexane, ethyl acetate, methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Ethyl acetate core extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50: 0.8 ± 0.20 mg/ml) and TPC (180 µ GAE/g).Andriani et al., 2015
Parkia speciosaEmpty podWater, 95% ethanolThiocyanate method
Superoxide radical scavenging assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
ABTS radical scavenging assay
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
Ethanol extract showed stronger antioxidant activities with IC50: DPPH (64.2 ± 3.46 µg/ml), ABTS radical scavenging (19.6 ± 0.44), anti-lipid peroxidation (5.02 ± 1.06), metal chelating (319 ± 26.3) and reducing power (274 ± 16.1) and contained higher TPC and TFCKo et al., 2014
Phyllanthus emblicaPulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 81.98 ± 5.63%
TPC: 2,664.97 ± 115.40 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Pometia spPulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 97.30 ± 0.00%
TPC: 894.61 ± 81.19 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Pouteria campechianaSeed, pulp, peelDistilled water, 70% methanol, 70% ethanolABTS assay
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
Antioxidant activities of ethanolic and methanolic extracts did not differ significantly. 70% ethanol showed the highest TPC and TFC for all the fruit parts. Seed contained the highest TPC (2,304.7 mg GAE/100g), pulp contained the highest TFC (6,414 mg RE/g)Kong et al., 2013
Pulp80% methanolDPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Scavenging activity: 73.32 ± 0.72%
FRAP activity: 0.43 ± 0.09 mM Fe2+
TPC: 21.0 ± 0.1 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Rubus moluccanusWhole fruit80% methanolFolin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
ABTS scavenging assay
TPC: 20.76 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g, TFC: 18.17 ± 0.20 mg CE/g, TAC: 36.96 ± 0.39 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 9.69 ± 0.58 mg BC/g
Scavenging activity: 38.00 ± 1.63 µg/ml
FRAP activity: 0.73 ± 0.03 mM Fe2+/g
ABTS activity: 50.37 ± 5.28 mg AEAC/g
Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifoliusTPC: 11.09 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g, TFC: 5.82 ± 0.02 mg CE/g, TAC: 23.82 ± 0.77 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 10.49 ± 1.01 mg BC/g
Scavenging activity: 86.00 ± 3.65 µg/ml
FRAP activity: 0.75 ± 0.03 mM Fe2+/g
ABTS activity: 26.34 ± 4.79 mg AEAC/g
Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestrisTPC: 24.25 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g, TFC: 8.88 ± 0.53 mg CE/g, TAC: 33.62 ± 1.39 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 21.86 ± 0.63 mg BC/g
Scavenging activity: 29.00 ± 3.07 µg/ml
FRAP activity: 0.79 ± 0.05 mM Fe2+/g
ABTS activity: 70.93 ± 6.26 mg AEAC/g
Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Salacca confertaPulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 84.68 ± 8.69%
TPC: 1,455.29 ± 62.14 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Sandoricum macropodumPulp80% methanolβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene bleaching: 74.77 ± 3.12%
TPC: 3,185.05 ± 59.00 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
Syzygium jambosPulpHexaneβ-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
TCC
β-carotene bleaching: 90.09 ± 3.12%
TPC: 555.57 ± 28.33 mg GAE/100g edible portion
TCC: 1.41 mg/100g
Ikram et al., 2009; Khoo et al., 2008
Syzigium malaccensePulpHexaneFRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Total carotene content
FRAP activity: 0.22 ± 0.03 mM Fe2+
Scavenging activity: 17.01 ± 0.32%
TPC: 6.0 ± 0.0 mg GAE/100g
TCC: 3.35 mg/100g
Ikram et al., 2009;Khoo et al., 2008
Ziziphus mauritianiaPulp80% methanolFRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
FRAP activity: 0.46 ± 0.07 mM Fe2+
Scavenging activity: 74.96 ± 0.44%
β-carotene bleaching: 57.66 ± 8.26%
TPC: 1,321.98 ± 4.14 mg GAE/100g
Ikram et al., 2009
AntimicrobialArtocarpus altilisWhole fruit, pulp, peelHexane, dichloromethane, methanolDisc diffusion method
Microdilution method
Methanol pulp extract showed the highest zone of inhibition (14.83 ± 0.28 to 20.50 ± 0.76 mm) against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested. MIC and MBC/MFC for the extracts ranged from 4,000 to 63 μg/ml. MBC/MFC values varied from 250 to 4,000 μg/mlJalal et al., 2015
Averhhoa bilimbiWhole fruitWater (juice)Disc diffusion methodFruit juice significantly (p < 0.05) reduced aerobic bacteria (APC) (0.40–0.70 log cfu/g), Listeria monocytogenes (0.84–1.58 log cfu/g) and Salmonella typhimurium (1.03–2.00 log cfu/g)Wan Norhana et al., 2009
Baccaurea angulataWhole fruit, peel, berryMethanol, ethanol, waterAgar well diffusion method
Microdilution method
Ethanol peel extract had the highest antimicrobial activity (37 ± 1.0 mm) against Streptococcus pneumoniae at concentration of 1,000 µg/ml. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest bacteriostatic and bactericidal activityMomand, 2014
Canarium odontophyllumPulpMethanol, acetone, hexane, distilled waterAgar well diffusion methodAll extracts were not active against the bacteria, acetone extract displayed moderate activity against Candida glabrata (8.0 ± 0.00 mm) and hexane extract was active against C. glabrata only at 100 mg/mlBasri et al., 2014a
SeedEthyl acetate, acetone, methanolAgar well diffusion methodEthyl acetate extract was active against Bacillus cereus with inhibition zone ranging from 9.6 ± 0.1 to 14.6 ± 0.1 mm, whereas the acetone extract inhibited Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baumannii at 9.6 ± 0.0 to 14.0 ± 0.0 mm and 7.0 ± 0.1 to 13.0 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. MIC and MBC values of ethyl acetate and acetone extract were the same against B. cereus and A. baumannii at 6.25 mg/ml and 1.563 mg/ml, respectivelyBasri et al., 2014b
Garcinia parvifoliaWhole fruitWell diffusion methodIsolate 56 GP from fruit part identified as Fusarium equiseti possessed the most antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (9 mm), Agromyces lapidis (6 mm), Listeria monocytogenes (7 mm), Bacillus megaterium (5 mm) and B. subtilis (5 mm)Sim et al., 2010
Mangifera pajangKernelPetroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanolDisc diffusion methodAll extracts showed no significant inhibition activity towards methicillin resistant S. aureus MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis and B. subtilis. Only isolated compound methyl gallate demonstrated strong antibacterial activity towards MRSA (21.5 mm).
None of extracts and isolated compounds showed activity against Candida albican, Aspergillus ochraceaus and Sacchoromyces cerevisiae
Ahmad et al., 2015
Pandanus tectoriusKeys, coreHexane, ethyl acetate, methanolDisc diffusion methodEthyl acetate keys extract demonstrated the highest activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis with the range of inhibition zone of 10–15 mmAndriani et al., 2015
Rubus moluccanusWhole fruit80% methanolDisc diffusion methodEffective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Mild inhibition towards B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella enteritidisAbu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifoliusNo inhibition towards B. subtilisAbu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestrisThe highest activity against S. enteritidis (8.50 ± 1.80 mm) followed by B. subtilis (7.83 ± 1.26 mm)Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Anti-cholinesteraseCanarium odontophyllumPulp+peel, seed80% methanol, distilled waterAnti-cholinesterase inhibition assayOnly 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 0-100 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the seed (22.4%)Ali Hassan, 2013b
Cyphomandra betaceaPulp, peel80% methanol, distilled waterAnti-cholinesterase inhibition assayOnly 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 50–250 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the peelAli Hassan and Abu Bakar, 2013
Garcinia parvifoliaPulp, peel80% methanol, distilled waterAnti-cholinesterase inhibition assayOnly 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 50–250 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the pulp (14.3%). The activity was much smaller than positive control, galanthamineAli Hassan et al., 2013c
Rubus moluccanusWhole fruit80% methanolAnti-cholinesterase inhibition assayThe highest activity was 26.42 ± 1.41%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%)Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifoliusThe highest activity was 23.06 ± 1.12%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%)Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestrisThe highest activity was 25.30 ± 1.56%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%)Abu Bakar et al., 2016
CytotoxicityArtocarpus odoratissimusPeel, seedEthanolMTT assayNo cytotoxic activity shown by all extracts in the cancer cell lines tested; human liver cancer cell (HepG2), human colon cancer cell (HT-29) and human ovarian cancer cell (Caov3)Abu Bakar et al., 2010
Cynometra caulifloraWhole fruitMethanolMTT assayExtract was very cytotoxic towards human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells (CD50 0.9 µg/ml) and inhibited the cells into apoptotic cell death mode. However, it was less cytotoxic towards normal mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3/NIH cellsTajudin et al., 2012
Garcinia dulcisPeel, pulp, seed80% methanolMTT assay
Cell cycle analysis
Caspase-3 colorimetric assay
Seed extract induced the lowest cytotoxicity against human liver HepG2 cancer cell line with IC50 value of 7.5 ± 2.52 µg/ml. Pulp extract induced cell cycle arrest at sub- G1 (apoptosis) phase. The cell population underwent apoptosis after exposure of the HepG2 cell line to pulp extract. Caspase-3 was activated which led to the death of HepG2 cellAbu Bakar et al., 2015
Mangifera pajangKernelPetroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanolMTT assayEthyl acetate and methanol extracts showed strong cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 (human breast) and HeLa (human cervical) cancer cell lines with IC50 values less than 10 μg/ml, and displayed strong to moderate activities towards HT-29 (human colon cancer)Ahmad et al., 2015
Kernel, peel, pulpEthanolMTT assayKernel extract induced strong cytotoxic activity against human liver (HepG2), colon (HT-29), ovary (Caov3), and breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines tested, especially MCF-7 (IC50 23.0 mg/ml) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 30.5 mg/ml)Abu Bakar et al., 2011
KernelEthanolFlow cytometric analysis
Caspase colorimetric protease assay
For MCF-7 cells, a significant arrest at G0/G1 was observed at 24 h treatment. Proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis increased significantly up to 30.7% and 51.8% compared to controls (2.9% and 5.2%). For MDA-MB-231, the proportion of cells in the G2-M phase increased significantly following 24 and 48 h. Apoptosis was dependent on caspase-2 and -3 in MCF-7 cells, and on caspase-2, -3 and -9 in MDA-MB-231 cells.Abu Bakar et al., 2010
Kernel, peel, pulpEthanolMTT assayKernel and peel extracts displayed cytotoxic activity in HepG2 and Caov3 with IC50 values ranging from 34.5 to 92.0 mg/ml. Kernel extract inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cell line with IC50 63.0 mg/mlAbu Bakar et al., 2010
Pandanus tectoriusKeys, coreHexane, ethyl acetate, methanolMTT assayKeys and core extracts were no cytotoxic against normal (L-6 and RAW) and cancer (MCF-7, HeLa, and HepG2) cell lines. IC50 values of all extracts towards RAW were more than 30 µg/mlAndriani et al., 2015
CytoprotectiveBaccaurea angulataWhole fruit, peel, pulpDistilled waterIn Vivo Method
Lipid peroxidation assay
Enzymatic antioxidant assays
High cholesterol-induced rabbits
MDA levels were highest in cholesterol + peel juice group (671.04 %). Catalase was highest in cholesterol + whole fruit juice group (12.66 %) compared to simvastatin control (9.13 %). TAC was also highest in whole fruit group (309.08 ± 35.59 mM)Mikail et al., 2015
Canarium odontophyllumPericarp, peel80% methanolIn Vitro & In Vivo Method
Cell culture assays
MTT assay
NAD+ assay
CD36 ELISA assay
LDL-oxidation method in rats
Peel extract (1.0 mg/ml) showed protective effect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The extract was not cytotoxic to normal liver cell. IC50 concentration (0.153 mg/ml)Khoo et al., 2014
PulpChloroform-methanolIn Vivo Method
Rabbit fed oil
Pulp oil increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, triglycerides, TBARS levels with enhancement of SOD, GPx, and plasma total antixodant status (TAS) levels. Kernel oil increased SOD and TAS levelsShakirin et al., 2012a
Mangifera pajangPulp, kernel, peelEthanolCell cultureKernel extract and quercetin showed cytoprotective activity in HepG2 cells, with EC50 values of 1.2 and 5.3 µg/ml, respectivelyAbu Bakar et al., 2013
Anti-atheroschleroticBaccaurea angulataFruitWater (juice)In Vivo Method
Cholesterol-induced rabbits
Juice reduced plaque formation in rabbits’ aorta. In the high-cholesterol diet (group CH), high cholesterol diet with juice treatments (C1, C2 and C3) and standard chow diet (group N), 96, 55, 49, 22 and 0%, respectively, of the entire aorta were covered with plaqueMikail et al., 2014
Canarium odontophyllumPulpOilIn Vivo Method
Cholesterol-induced rabbits
Hypercholesterolemic diet + 5% defatted pulp (HD) group exhibited the greatest reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation by nearly 80%, induced by a significant reduction in total cholesterol (96.3%) and LDL-c (26.5%) and lipid peroxidation levelsNurulhuda et al., 2013
Pulp, kernelChloroform, methanolIn Vivo Method
Cholesterol-induced rabbits
HD group (treated with defatted pulp) exhibited the greatest reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation by nearly 80%Shakirin et al., 2012b
Anti-hyperlipidemiaGarcinia atroviridisWhole fruit, fruit rindMethanol, distilled waterIn Vivo Method Poloxamer 407-induced acute hyperlipidemic ratsAqueous extract of ripe fruit showed the highest antihyperlipidemic activity, compared to atorvastatin. It significantly reduced the total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglycerides (P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01), very-low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01) and atherogenic index (P < 0.01)Al-Mansoub et al., 2014
AntidiabeticCanarium odontophyllumPulp with peelEthanolIn Vivo Method Obese-diabetic-induced ratsExtract at a concentration of 600 mg/kg body weight reduced the plasma glucose level by 30%. The result was strongly correlated with the reduction of plasma glucose at 60 to 90 min in the OGTT and a lower AUC valueMokiran et al., 2014
CardioprotectiveCanarium odontophyllumPeel, pericarp53% methanol, 80% methanolIn Vivo Method Hypercholesterolemic-induced rabbitsDefatted peel had the highest amount of anthocyanin C3G (55.12 ± 0.82 mg/g). C3G-rich extract inhibited MDA production in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits and elevated cellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx)Khoo et al., 2013
Anti-plateletGarcinia atroviridisWhole fruitMethanolIn Vivo Method Electrical impedance methodAnti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 72.0 ± 0.03% (ADP)Jantan et al., 2011
Garcinia hombronianaAnti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 50.0 ± 0.1% (AA), 50.0 ± 0.9% (ADP), 41 ± 0.1% (collagen)Jantan et al., 2011
Garcinia prainianaAnti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 36.0 ± 0.1% (AA), 33 ± 0.1% (ADP), 37 ± 0.1% (collagen)Jantan et al., 2011

 

Table 4. Summary of biological activities and phytochemistry of Malaysian underutilised fruit species
 
FamilyBiological ActivityPhytochemical Identification
AntioxidantAntimicrobialAnti-cholinesteraseCytotoxicityCytoprotectiveAnti-atheroscleroticAnti-hyperlipidemiaAntidiabeticCardioprotectiveAnti-platelet
In vitroIn vivoIn vitroIn vivoIn vitroIn vivoIn vitroIn vivoIn vitroIn vivoIn vitroIn vivoIn vitroIn vivoIn vitroIn vivoIn vitroIn vivoIn vitroIn vivo
Anacardiaceae
Arecaceae
Bombacaceae
Burseraceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Gnetaceae
Guttiferae
Lauraceae
Leguminosae
Meliaceae
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Oxalidaceae
Pandanaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Rutaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapindaceae
Solanaceae