Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online
Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 2, Number , June 2018, pages 58-81

Bioactives in seaweeds, algae, and fungi and their role in health promotion

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Chemical structure of fucoidan.

Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Chemical structure of agar.

Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Chemical structure of carrageenan.

Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Chemical structure of lamarinin.

Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Chemical structure of alginate.

Figure 6.
Figure 6.

Chemical structure of ulvan.

Figure 7.
Figure 7.

Chemical structure of chitin.

Figure 8.
Figure 8.

Chemical structure of chitosan.

Figure 9.
Figure 9.

Isolated secondary metabolites from marine Alga T. atomaria (Nahas et al. 2007).

Figure 10.
Figure 10.

Isolated pholorotanins derivatives from various brown algae.

Figure 11.
Figure 11.

Chemical structure of beta-carotene.

Figure 12.
Figure 12.

Chemical structure of fucoxanthin.

Figure 13.
Figure 13.

Chemical structure of astaxanthin.

Figure 14.
Figure 14.

Chemical structure of canthaxanthin.

Figure 15.
Figure 15.

Chemical structure of lutein.

Figure 16.
Figure 16.

Chemical structure of zeaxanthin.

Figure 17.
Figure 17.

Isolated bioactive lipids from seaweeds and marine algae.

Figure 18.
Figure 18.

Isolated phytosterol from marine seaweeds and algae.

Tables

Table 1. Bioactive carbohydrates, sources and their biological activities
 
Bioactive CarbohydratesSourcesFunctions in human healthReferences
FucoidansTurbinaria conoides, Fucus vesiculosis, Cladosiphono kamuranus, Laminaria japonica, and Undaria pinnatifidaAntiviral, antitumor, anticoagulant, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and antithrombotic, impact on the inflammatory and immune systems.Ale et al. 2011; Anastyuk et al. 2012; Chattopadhyay et al. 2010; Hamed et al. 2015; Himaya and Kim 2015; Lee et al. 2011, 2012; Luo et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2009; Wijesekara et al. 2011; Thomas et al. 2010.
AgarGracilaria sp., Gracilaria cornea, Gracilaria dominguensis, Gigartina sp. and Gelidium sp.Decrease blood sugar, Exert anti-aggregation effect on red blood cells, antioxidant, antitumor as well as antiviral activities, Inhibition of α-glucosidase and absorption effect of UV raysChen et al. 2005; FAO 2008; Fernandez et al. 1989; Freile-Pelegrin and Robledo 1997; Holdt and Kraan 2011; Mouradi Givernaud et al. 1992; Murata and Nakazoe 2001.
LamariginSaccharina latissimi
Laminaria digitata
Laminaria hyperborea
Laminaria sp.
Fucus vesiculosus
Ascophyllum nodosum
Undaria pinnatifida		Effects on intestinal pH level, mucus structure, and short chain fatty acid production, tumour-inhibiting agent antibacterial, protection against severe irradiation, boosts the immune system through increasing the B cells and helper T cells, lowers systolic blood pressure and reduces cholesterol levels in serum, lower of total cholesterol levels, free cholesterol, lower of liver triglyceride and phospholipidBartsch et al. 2008; Deville et al. 2007; Freitas et al. 2015; Hamed et al. 2015; Haug and Jensen 1954, 1960; Hoffman et al. 1995; Holdt and Kraan 2011; Jensen and Haug 1956; MacArtain et al. 2007; Miao et al. 1999; Morrissey et al. 2001; Renn et al. 1994a, b.
AlginateBrown algaeMetal chelator, decrease cholesterol level, exert anti-hypertension effect, Prevent toxic chemicals absorption.Gupta and Abu- Ghannam 2011; Holdt and Kiraan 2011; Kim and Lee 2008; Murata & Nakazoe 2001; Nishide and Uchida 2003.
UlvanUlva lactuca, Ulva rigida, and Monostroma sp.Anti-thrombotic activities; used for the treatment gastric ulcers, and acts as anti-influenzaKaeffer et al. 1999; Lahaye 1998; Lahaye and Robic 2007; Nagaoka et al. 2003.
PorphyranRed algae; Porphyridium and Nostac flegelliformeActive antioxidants and anticoagulants; biological activities against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2); immunostimulator, a free radical collector and thus reduces blood lipids.Hamed et al. 2015; Kanekiyo et al. 2007; Spolaore et al. 2006; Vo, et al. 2011.

 

Table 2. : Bioactive carotenoids and their health benefits
 
Bioactive carotenoidsSourcesHealth benefitsReferences
Beta-caroteneDunaliella salina, Porphyra teneraPrevent the onset of lung cancer, Prevent heart diseases, Provitamin A- activity, Skin protection from UV radiation, Antimutagenic.Graham and Rosser 2000; Guedes et al. 2011; Himaya and Kim 2015; Kritchevsky 1999; Pangestuti and Kim 2011
FucoxanthinUndaria pinnatifida, Hijikia fusiformis, Sargassum fulvellum and Laminaria japonica,Inhibition intestinal enzyme, Prevent human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), the growth of human leukemia cells (HL-60), and Caco-2 human colon cancer cells, Anti-allergic activity and anti-obesity activity.Freitas et al. 2015; Matsumoto et al. 2010; Miyashita 2014; Miyashita et al. 2011; Shahidi and Ambigaipalan 2015.
AstaxanthinHaematococcus pluvialisPrevent cancer, diabetic, heart and gastrovascular diseases, inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells, reduction in plasma levels of triglycerides, WAT size, fasting blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Chuyen and Eun 2015; Himaya and Kim 2015; Hussein et al. 2007; Machmudah et al. 2006; Sharoni et al. 2002; Tanaka et al. 1994.
CanthaxanthinChlorella vulgaris, Haematococcus pluvialis, Coelastrella striolata var. multistriataAntioxidant activity, Anti-cancer activity, Antidiabetic activity, Anti-obesity property and anti-proliferative effectsAbe et al. 2007; Chuyen and Eun 2015; Tanaka et al. 1994
LuteinPorphyra teneraProtects the eyes from oxidative stress, Acts as a filter of the blue light involved in macular degeneration and age-related cataract, Prevent heart diseases.Alves-Rodrigues and Shao 2004; Granado et al. 2003; Hashimoto et al. 2012; Himaya and Kim 2015; Mimouni et al. 2012; Pangestuti and Kim 2011.
ZeaxanthinP. cruentum, Haematococcus pluvialis,Absorb damaging blue and near-ultraviolet light to protect the macula lutea from light-associated damage, Prevent heart diseases and liver protectionChuyen and Eun 2015; Himaya and Kim 2015; Krinsky and Johnson 2005.