J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Original Research

Volume 1, March 2018, pages 166-173

Antihypertensive effect of aqueous polyphenol extracts of Amaranthusviridis and Telfairiaoccidentalis leaves in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Figure 1.
ACE-inhibitory activity of Amaranthusviridis (AV) and Telfariaoccidentalis (TO) polyphenol concentrates at 0.5 mg/mL.
0–80 represent applied nitrogen fertilizer at planting (T1) or 1 week after seedling emergence (T2). Bars with different letters have significantly different (P < 0.05) mean values.

Figure 2.
Renin-inhibitory activity of Amaranthusviridis (AV) and Telfariaoccidentalis (TO) polyphenol concentrates at 0.25 mg/mL.
0–80 represent applied nitrogen fertilizer at planting (T1) or 1 week after seedling emergence (T2). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Bars with different letters have significantly different (P < 0.05) mean values.

Figure 3. (A) Changes in Systolic and (B) Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) of spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of 100 mg/kg body weight polyphenol concentrates from Amaranthusviridis (AV 40T1 and AV 80T2), and Telfairiaoccidentalis f. treatments (TO 40T1 and TO 60T2). 40, 60, and 80 represent applied nitrogen fertilizer at planting (T1) or 1 week after seedling emergence (T2).

Figure 4. Changes in mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg) of spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of 100 mg/kg body weight polyphenol concentrates from Amaranthusviridis (AV 40T1 and AV 80T2), and Telfairiaoccidentalis f. treatments (TO 40T1 and TO 60T2). 40, 60, and 80 represent applied nitrogen fertilizer at planting (T1) or 1 week after seedling emergence (T2).

Figure 5. Changes in heart rate (bpm) of spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of 100 mg/kg body weight polyphenol concentrates from Amaranthusviridis (AV 40T1 and AV 80T2), and Telfairiaoccidentalis f. treatments (TO 40T1 and TO 60T2). 40, 60, and 80 represent applied nitrogen fertilizer at planting (T1) or 1 week after seedling emergence (T2).

**Table 1.** Total phenoliccontent (mggallic acid equivalent/g) of *Amaranthusviridis* (AV) and *Telfairiaoccidentalis* (TO) leaf extracts
Samples	AV	TO
*Mean + standard deviation. For each column, values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
0T1	462.09 ± 1.42^a,b	597.57 ± 1.50^f
0T2	466.18 ± 2.45^b,c	581.94 ± 3.97^c,d
20T1	460.46 ± 2.83^a	585.42 ± 0.00^d
20T2	469.44 ± 5.10^c	590.63 ± 2.60^e
40T1	462.91 ± 1.42^a,b	573.26 ± 1.50^b
40T2	460.46 ± 3.74^a	582.81 ± 2.60^c,d
60T1	462.09 ± 1.42^a,b	578.47 ± 1.50^c
60T2	462.91 ± 1.42^a,b	557.64 ± 6.01^a
80T1	461.27 ± 2.45^a,b	592.36 ± 1.50^e
80T2	463.73 ± 0.00^a,b	611.46 ± 2.60^g

Table 1. Total phenoliccontent (mggallic acid equivalent/g) of Amaranthusviridis (AV) and Telfairiaoccidentalis (TO) leaf extracts

Samples

*Mean + standard deviation. For each column, values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).

0T1

462.09 ± 1.42^a,b

597.57 ± 1.50^f

0T2

466.18 ± 2.45^b,c

581.94 ± 3.97^c,d

20T1

460.46 ± 2.83^a

585.42 ± 0.00^d

20T2

469.44 ± 5.10^c

590.63 ± 2.60^e

40T1

462.91 ± 1.42^a,b

573.26 ± 1.50^b

40T2

460.46 ± 3.74^a

582.81 ± 2.60^c,d

60T1

462.09 ± 1.42^a,b

578.47 ± 1.50^c

60T2

462.91 ± 1.42^a,b

557.64 ± 6.01^a

80T1

461.27 ± 2.45^a,b

592.36 ± 1.50^e

80T2

463.73 ± 0.00^a,b

611.46 ± 2.60^g

**Table 2.** Estimated phenolic compounds in *Amaranthusviridis* (AV) and *Telfairiaoccidentalis* (TO) leaf aqueous extract (mg/g dry weight)*
Samples	Caffeic acid	Rutin	Myricetin
*0, 20, 40, 60, 80 indicate amount of applied urea fertilizer (kg/ha); T1 and T2 represents fertilizer applied at planting and 1 week after seedling emergence, respectively.
0T1	1.57 ± 0.08	6.22 ± 0.04	1.55 ± 1.34	0.05 ± 0.00	0.17 ± 0.15	0.01 ± 0.00
0T2	1.55 ± 0.04	4.19 ± 0.02	1.24 ± 0.92	0.01 ± 0.00	0.17 ± 0.05	0.01 ± 0.00
20T1	1.70 ± 0.04	5.23 ± 0.11	1.18 ± 0.15	0.06 ± 0.00	0.15 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.00
20T2	1.62 ± 0.01	3.64 ± 0.26	0.94 ± 0.04	0.05 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.00
40T1	0.30 ± 0.04	7.33 ± 0.02	0.33 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.00	0.11 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.00
40T2	1.14 ± 0.94	6.66 ± 0.43	1.16 ± 0.77	0.32 ± 0.14	0.14 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.00
60T1	1.62 ± 0.05	7.73 ± 0.10	1.04 ± 0.54	0.07 ± 0.00	0.17 ± 0.02	0.01 ± 0.00
60T2	1.54 ± 0.02	5.24 ± 0.29	0.94 ± 0.05	0.03 ± 0.00	0.17 ± 0.02	0.01 ± 0.00
80T1	1.49 ± 0.02	4.64 ± 0.15	0.89 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.00	0.08 ± 0.06	0.00 ± 0.00
80T2	1.44 ± 0.06	6.88 ± 0.02	0.80 ± 0.07	0.06 ± 0.00	0.05 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.00

Table 2. Estimated phenolic compounds in Amaranthusviridis (AV) and Telfairiaoccidentalis (TO) leaf aqueous extract (mg/g dry weight)*

Samples

Caffeic acid

Rutin

Myricetin

*0, 20, 40, 60, 80 indicate amount of applied urea fertilizer (kg/ha); T1 and T2 represents fertilizer applied at planting and 1 week after seedling emergence, respectively.

0T1

1.57 ± 0.08

6.22 ± 0.04

1.55 ± 1.34

0.05 ± 0.00

0.17 ± 0.15

0.01 ± 0.00

0T2

1.55 ± 0.04

4.19 ± 0.02

1.24 ± 0.92

0.01 ± 0.00

0.17 ± 0.05

0.01 ± 0.00

20T1

1.70 ± 0.04

5.23 ± 0.11

1.18 ± 0.15

0.06 ± 0.00

0.15 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.00

20T2

1.62 ± 0.01

3.64 ± 0.26

0.94 ± 0.04

0.05 ± 0.02

0.13 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.00

40T1

0.30 ± 0.04

7.33 ± 0.02

0.33 ± 0.02

0.07 ± 0.00

0.11 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.00

40T2

1.14 ± 0.94

6.66 ± 0.43

1.16 ± 0.77

0.32 ± 0.14

0.14 ± 0.03

0.01 ± 0.00

60T1

1.62 ± 0.05

7.73 ± 0.10

1.04 ± 0.54

0.07 ± 0.00

0.17 ± 0.02

0.01 ± 0.00

60T2

1.54 ± 0.02

5.24 ± 0.29

0.94 ± 0.05

0.03 ± 0.00

0.17 ± 0.02

0.01 ± 0.00

80T1

1.49 ± 0.02

4.64 ± 0.15

0.89 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.00

0.08 ± 0.06

0.00 ± 0.00

80T2

1.44 ± 0.06

6.88 ± 0.02

0.80 ± 0.07

0.06 ± 0.00

0.05 ± 0.00

0.01 ± 0.00

**Table 3.** Results from 3-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test of the effects of vegetable variety, VV; fertilizer dose, D; fertilizer application time, FT; *Telfairiaoccidentalis*, TO; *Amaranthusviridis*, AV; (0T–80T as fertilizer dosing treatments) on ACE and renin inhibitory activities of vegetable extracts
Parameters	Source of variation (F value)	Mean inhibition ofFD	Mean inhibition of VV	Mean inhibition for application time
*Significant at P < 0.05; Mean inhibition values (followed in brackets by the standard error of the mean) within the same variable (FD, VV, FT) with different alphabets within the same row (parameter) are significantly different (P < 0.05).
	VV	D	FT	VV*D	VV*FT	D*FT	VVDFT	20T	40T	60T	80T	0T	AV	TO	Before	After
ACE	183.56*	12.86*	4.87*	7.31*	0.36	0.90	3.62*	41.71^a	43.49^a	60.98^b	59.19^b	56.39^b	38.33^a	66.17^b	54.52^b	49.98^a
								(2.39)	(2.34)	(2.34)	(2.39)	(2.34)	(1047)	(1.43)	(1.41)	(1.49)
Renin	23.43*	3.18*	0.48	10.29*	0.38	1.43	0.80	26.77^bc	31.58^c	18.67^ab	18.22^ab	17.20^a	30.07^b	15.80^a	23.96^a	21.92^a
								(3.43)	(3.21)	(3.21)	(3.43)	(3.21)	(2.11)	(2.06)	(2.03)	(2.14)

Table 3. Results from 3-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test of the effects of vegetable variety, VV; fertilizer dose, D; fertilizer application time, FT; Telfairiaoccidentalis, TO; Amaranthusviridis, AV; (0T–80T as fertilizer dosing treatments) on ACE and renin inhibitory activities of vegetable extracts

Parameters

Source of variation (F value)

Mean inhibition ofFD

Mean inhibition of VV

Mean inhibition for application time

*Significant at P < 0.05; Mean inhibition values (followed in brackets by the standard error of the mean) within the same variable (FD, VV, FT) with different alphabets within the same row (parameter) are significantly different (P < 0.05).

VV*D

VV*FT

D*FT

VV*D*FT

20T

40T

60T

80T

Before

After

ACE

183.56*

12.86*

4.87*

7.31*

0.36

0.90

3.62*

41.71^a

43.49^a

60.98^b

59.19^b

56.39^b

38.33^a

66.17^b

54.52^b

49.98^a

(2.39)

(2.34)

(2.39)

(2.34)

(1047)

(1.43)

(1.41)

(1.49)

Renin

23.43*

3.18*

0.48

10.29*

0.38

1.43

0.80

26.77^bc

31.58^c

18.67^ab

18.22^ab

17.20^a

30.07^b

15.80^a

23.96^a

21.92^a

(3.43)

(3.21)

(3.43)

(3.21)

(2.11)

(2.06)

(2.03)

(2.14)