Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online
Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 1, March 2018, pages 104-115

Critical review of encapsulation methods for stabilization and delivery of astaxanthin

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Configuration of different astaxanthin isomersin the trans form.

Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Free astaxanthin, mono and diester forms of astaxanthin (Miao et al. 2006).

Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Systematic presentation of astaxanthin encapsulation using a two-step homogenization procedure.

Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Effect of temperature on dissolution of different carotenoids.

(a) Carotenoid concentration as a functional of dissolution time. (b) Isomeric fractions of astaxanthin after dissolution at different temperatures. Reproduced from Ribeiro et al. (2010).
Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Schematic representation of the astaxanthin loaded nanodispersions formed through the solvent displacement method.

Figure 6.
Figure 6.

Effect of different emulsifiers on droplet generation from MCs.

The dispersed phase constitutes AstaReal astaxanthin in MCT oil. ML-750 (decaglycerol monolaurate), MO-7S (decaglycerol monooleate), Na–Cs (sodium caseinate) and ML (modified lecithin). Reproduced from Khalid et al. (2017c).
Figure 7.
Figure 7.

Schematic presentation of astaxanthin loaded biliquid foams.

Reproduced with modification from Ribeiro and Cruz (2005).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.

Studies depicting bioaccessibility and bioavailability of astaxanthin in emulsified forms.

(a) Bioaccessibility study of emulsified astaxanthin with different emulsifiers, ML (modified lecithin) and CS (sodium caseinate), (b) Bioavailability studies in HT-29 cell lines of nanodispsersed astaxanthin in food systems, and (c) Cellular uptake of carotenoids in different emulsified forms, Ast-Em.Tw (Tween 20 stabilized astaxanthin nanoemulsions), Ast-Em.wp (Whey proteins stabilized astaxanthin nanoemulsions), Ast-lip (astaxanthin loaded lipsomes), β-car and Lyc stands β-carotene and lycopene (Anarjan and Tan 2013a; Khalid et al. 2017b; Ribeiro et al. 2010).