J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Original Research

Volume 9, March 2020, pages 70-78

Physicochemical characteristics, phenolic profile, and antioxidant capacity of Syrah tropical wines: effects of vineyard management practices

Figure 1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the phenolics quantified (n = 24) by HPLC-DAD-FD in Syrah tropical wines from grapes grown under lyre and VSP training systems using the IAC-766, IAC-572, and Paulsen 1103 rootsotcks, harvested during two periods of the year in 2014 (Harvest I and II). Esp = VSP, SI = harvest I, SII = harvest II, P1103 = Paulsen 1103, Ac. = acid.

**Table 1.** Physicochemical characteristics, total phenolic content, total monomeric anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity of Syrah tropical wines from grapes with different training systems and rootstocks
Parameter	Training systems¹	Rootstock²
¹Results followed by the same uppercase letter in the column (training system) do not differ significantly, according to Tukey’s Test (p ≤ 0.05). ² Results followed by the same lowercase letter in the row (rootstock) do not differ significantly, according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). ND: Not detected; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; MGE: malvidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent; TE: trolox equivalent; Lyre: divided trellis system; VSP: vertical shoot positioning, sparlier system. IC: Intensity of color.
pH	Lyre	3.77 A^c	3.93 A^a	3.85 A^b	3.83 A^a	3.79 A^b	3.80 A^a
VSP	3.79 A^b	3.96 A^a	3.94 A^a	3.83 A^a	3.70 B^b	3.90 A^a
Total acidity (g L⁻¹)	Lyre	5.90 A^a	5.30 A^b	5.55 A^b	4.40 A^b	4.40 A^b	4.63 A^a
VSP	6.55 A^a	5.45 A^b	5.20 A^b	4.03 A^b	4.10 A^a	4.10 A^a
Alcohol (% v/v)	Lyre	10.89 A^b	11.02 A^a	10.79 B^c	12.29 A^a	12.24 A^a	12.55 A^a
VSP	10.5 B^b	11.14 A^a	11.01 A^a	13.40 A^a	12.11 A^b	13.29 A^a
Dry extract (g L⁻¹)	Lyre	26.90 A^c	28.60 B^b	29.50 A^a	27.60 A^b	30.29 A^a	26.83 A^b
VSP	27.30 A^c	30.75 A^a	29.65 A^b	28.36 A^a	24.70 B^b	29.30 A^a
Free SO₂ (mg L⁻¹)	Lyre	30.55 A^a	30.72 A^a	30.38 A^a	45.91 A^b	49.66 A^a	42.32 A^b
VSP	26.28 B^b	30.21 A^a	25.77 B^b	39.70 B^c	50.00 A^a	46.50 A^b
Total SO₂ (mg L⁻¹)	Lyre	108.88 A^c	154.62 A^a	13.00 B^b	68.4 B^b	77.6 A^a	70.3 B^b
VSP	91.39 B^c	106.49 B^b	153.77 A^a	78.0 A^a	73.5 A^b	75.4 A^a
Volatile acidity (g L⁻¹)	Lyre	0.62 A^a	0.59 A^a	0.62 A^a	0.98 A^a	0.99 A^a	0.55 A^b
VSP	0.63 A^a	0.62 A^a	0.48 B^b	0.41 B^b	0.72 A^a	0.39 B^b
Reduced sugars (g L⁻¹)	Lyre	3.33 A^a	2.27 A^c	2.64 B^b	ND	1.33 A^a	1.39 A^a
VSP	3.35 A^a	ND	2.79 A^b	ND	ND	1.66 A^a
Total phenolics (mg GAE L⁻¹)	Lyre	1,900 A^b	2,290 A^a	1,880 A^b	2,270 A^b	2,500 A^a	2,040 A^b
VSP	1,780 A^a	1,520 A^b	1,500 B^b	2,180 A^a	1,680 B^b	2,400 A^a
Monomeric anthocyanins (mg MGE L⁻¹)	Lyre	169.07 A^b	183.06 A^a	178.67 A^b	166.99 A^b	191.20 A^a	185.77 A^b
VSP	143.40 B^b	253.61 A^a	203.10 A^c	162.41 A^a	177.84 A^a	162.41 A^a
IC (420nm+520nm+620nm)	Lyre	6.91 A^b	6.24 B^c	7.64 A^a	4.33 B^c	5.09 B^b	9.17 A^a
VSP	7.04 A^c	9.75 A^a	8.03 A^b	6.58 A^c	9.47 A^a	8.83 B^b
DPPH (µmol TE mL⁻¹)	Lyre	9.23 A^a	8.25 B^b	9.24 A^a	8.33 A^a	7.60 B^c	7.97 A^b
VSP	8.95 A^a	9.23 A^a	9.42 A^a	7.97 A^b	9.54 A^a	9.26 A^a

Table 1. Physicochemical characteristics, total phenolic content, total monomeric anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity of Syrah tropical wines from grapes with different training systems and rootstocks

Parameter

Training systems¹

Rootstock²

Paulsen 1103

IAC-766

IAC-572

Paulsen 1103

IAC-766

IAC-572

June, 2014 (Harvest I)

December, 2014 (Harvest II)

¹Results followed by the same uppercase letter in the column (training system) do not differ significantly, according to Tukey’s Test (p ≤ 0.05). ² Results followed by the same lowercase letter in the row (rootstock) do not differ significantly, according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). ND: Not detected; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; MGE: malvidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent; TE: trolox equivalent; Lyre: divided trellis system; VSP: vertical shoot positioning, sparlier system. IC: Intensity of color.

Lyre

3.77 A^c

3.93 A^a

3.85 A^b

3.83 A^a

3.79 A^b

3.80 A^a

VSP

3.79 A^b

3.96 A^a

3.94 A^a

3.83 A^a

3.70 B^b

3.90 A^a

Total acidity (g L⁻¹)

Lyre

5.90 A^a

5.30 A^b

5.55 A^b

4.40 A^b

4.63 A^a

VSP

6.55 A^a

5.45 A^b

5.20 A^b

4.03 A^b

4.10 A^a

Alcohol (% v/v)

Lyre

10.89 A^b

11.02 A^a

10.79 B^c

12.29 A^a

12.24 A^a

12.55 A^a

VSP

10.5 B^b

11.14 A^a

11.01 A^a

13.40 A^a

12.11 A^b

13.29 A^a

Dry extract (g L⁻¹)

Lyre

26.90 A^c

28.60 B^b

29.50 A^a

27.60 A^b

30.29 A^a

26.83 A^b

VSP

27.30 A^c

30.75 A^a

29.65 A^b

28.36 A^a

24.70 B^b

29.30 A^a

Free SO₂ (mg L⁻¹)

Lyre

30.55 A^a

30.72 A^a

30.38 A^a

45.91 A^b

49.66 A^a

42.32 A^b

VSP

26.28 B^b

30.21 A^a

25.77 B^b

39.70 B^c

50.00 A^a

46.50 A^b

Total SO₂ (mg L⁻¹)

Lyre

108.88 A^c

154.62 A^a

13.00 B^b

68.4 B^b

77.6 A^a

70.3 B^b

VSP

91.39 B^c

106.49 B^b

153.77 A^a

78.0 A^a

73.5 A^b

75.4 A^a

Volatile acidity (g L⁻¹)

Lyre

0.62 A^a

0.59 A^a

0.62 A^a

0.98 A^a

0.99 A^a

0.55 A^b

VSP

0.63 A^a

0.62 A^a

0.48 B^b

0.41 B^b

0.72 A^a

0.39 B^b

Reduced sugars (g L⁻¹)

Lyre

3.33 A^a

2.27 A^c

2.64 B^b

1.33 A^a

1.39 A^a

VSP

3.35 A^a

2.79 A^b

1.66 A^a

Total phenolics (mg GAE L⁻¹)

Lyre

1,900 A^b

2,290 A^a

1,880 A^b

2,270 A^b

2,500 A^a

2,040 A^b

VSP

1,780 A^a

1,520 A^b

1,500 B^b

2,180 A^a

1,680 B^b

2,400 A^a

Monomeric anthocyanins (mg MGE L⁻¹)

Lyre

169.07 A^b

183.06 A^a

178.67 A^b

166.99 A^b

191.20 A^a

185.77 A^b

VSP

143.40 B^b

253.61 A^a

203.10 A^c

162.41 A^a

177.84 A^a

162.41 A^a

IC (420nm+520nm+620nm)

Lyre

6.91 A^b

6.24 B^c

7.64 A^a

4.33 B^c

5.09 B^b

9.17 A^a

VSP

7.04 A^c

9.75 A^a

8.03 A^b

6.58 A^c

9.47 A^a

8.83 B^b

DPPH (µmol TE mL⁻¹)

Lyre

9.23 A^a

8.25 B^b

9.24 A^a

8.33 A^a

7.60 B^c

7.97 A^b

VSP

8.95 A^a

9.23 A^a

9.42 A^a

7.97 A^b

9.54 A^a

9.26 A^a

**Table 2.** Phenolic compounds identified and quantified in Syrah wines from grapes with different rootstock and training systems
Phenolic compounds (mg L⁻¹)	Training system ¹	Rootstock²
¹Results followed by the same uppercase letter in the column (training system) do not differ significantly, according to Tukey’s Test (p ≤ 0.05). ² Results followed by the same lowercase letter in the row (rootstock) do not differ significantly, according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). ND: Not detected; NS: not significant; Lyre: divided trellis system; VSP: vertical shoot positioning, sparlier system.
(+)-Catechin	VSP	16.30 A^c	27.00 A^a	22.70 A^b	7.30 A^b	9.40 A^a	6.25 B^c
Lyre	13.86 A^b	16.73 A^b	17.40 A^a	6.90 A^b	5.30 B^c	8.20 A^a
(−)-Epicatechin	VSP	7.50 A^b	10.33 A^a	7.00 A^c	3.40 A^b	4.85 A^b	6.25 A^a
Lyre	6.00 B^c	6.16 A^b	6.90 A^a	3.23 B^b	5.30 B^c	8.20 A^a
(−)-Epicatechin Gallate	VSP	1.40 A^b	2.30 A^a	1.43 A^b	0.90 A^c	1.30 A^a	1.10 A^b
Lyre	1.40 A^a	1.36 A^b	1.43 A^a	1.16 A^a	1.23 A^a	1.10 A^a
(−)-Epigallocatechin	VSP	3.83 A^a	3.36 A^a	2.83 A^b	2.35 A^b	4.80 A^a	2.35 A^b
Lyre	3.30 A^a	2.60 B^c	2.83 A^b	2.73 A^a	2.53 B^b	2.45 A^b
Procyanidin A2	VSP	1.10 A^b	1.40 A^a	1.00 B^c	0.60 A^b	0.90 A^a	0.80 A^a
Lyre	1.00 B^b	0.90 B^c	1.10 A^a	0.60 A^a	0.50 B^b	0.60 A^a
Procyanidin B1	VSP	13.50 A^b	14.96 A^a	11.13 A^c	7.52 A^a	6.00 A^c	7.15 B^b
Lyre	13.93 A^a	9.13 B^c	10.63 B^b	7.10 B^b	5.50 B^c	7.30 A^a
Procyanidin B2	VSP	8.53 A^c	14.00 A^a	10.03 A^b	5.55 A^b	10.25 A^a	7.15 B^b
Lyre	6.50 B^c	9.80 A^a	9.03 B^b	5.06 A^b	3.83 B^c	7.30 A^a
Ʃ Flavan-3-ols	VSP	52.16 A^c	73.26 A^a	56.13 A^b	27.62 A^b	37.50 A^a	24.20 B^c
Lyre	46.00 B^c	46.70 B^b	49.33 A^a	26.78 A^b	24.19 A^b	35.15 A^a
Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside	VSP	0.66 A^b	1.20 A^a	0.56 A^b	5.70 B^b	6.35 A^a	6.10 A^b
Lyre	0.66 A^a	0.46 A^b	0.43 A^b	6.36 A^b	5.70 B^c	7.15 A^a
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside	VSP	9.06 A^b	13.53 A^a	8.66 A^c	11.95 B^b	11.70 B^c	17.35 A^a
Lyre	8.06 B^b	8.10 B^b	8.53 A^a	22.83 A^b	19.50 A^b	26.45 A^a
Rutin	VSP	0.90 A^c	1.30 A^a	1.00 A^b	0.45 B^b	0.50 B^b	1.30 A^a
Lyre	0.90 A^a	0.90 A^a	0.83 A^b	1.40 A^b	1.40 A^b	1.75 A^a
Quercetin	VSP	0.20 NS	0.20 NS	0.20 NS	0.30 B^c	0.70 A^a	0.40 B^b
Lyre	0.20 NS	0.20 NS	0.20 NS	0.60 A^b	0.60 B^b	0.90 A^a
Myricetin	VSP	0.86 A^b	1.33 A^a	0.96 A^b	0.60 A^b	1.15 A^a	0.60 B^b
Lyre	0.76 A^c	1.10 A^b	1.00 A^a	1.00 A^a	0.70 B^b	1.25 A^a
Isoquercetin	VSP	13.50 A^c	18.33 A^a	14.0 A^b	15.90 B^b	9.35 B^c	29.45 A^a
Lyre	12.90 A^a	12.80 A^b	12.26 A^b	30.75 A^b	29.16 A^b	41.25 A^a
Ʃ Flavonols	VSP	25.20 A^b	35.90 A^a	25.40 A^b	34.90 B^b	29.75 B^c	55.20 A^a
Lyre	23.50 A^b	24.00 A^a	23.25 A^b	62.96 A^b	57. 06 A^c	78.75 A^a
Trans-resveratrol (Stilbene)	VSP	0.20 NS	0.20 NS	0.20 NS	0.50 NS	0.50 NS	0.50 NS
Lyre	0.20 NS	0.20 NS	0.20 NS	0.46 NS	0.46 NS	0.50 NS
Gallic acid	VSP	13.83 A^c	20.73 A^a	14.56 A^b	16.85 A^b	22.30 A^a	12.20 B^c
Lyre	13.16 A^a	12.00 B^b	13.03 A^b	16.16 A^a	10.50 B^c	15.25 A^b
Caffeic acid	VSP	7.00 B^c	20.76 A^a	8.40 B^b	12.20 A^b	20.40 A^a	10.90 B^c
Lyre	15.60 A^a	12.46 B^b	8.96 A^c	10.36 B^b	9.80 B^c	13.80 A^a
Chlorogenic acid	VSP	5.20 A^a	0.93 B^c	4.30 B^b	0.40 NS	0.40 NS	ND
Lyre	2.30 B^c	2.90 A^b	5.13 A^a	0.40 NS	0.40 NS	ND
Syringic acid	VSP	3.63 A^b	4.56 A^a	2.90 A^c	1.30 A^b	1.50 A^a	1.10 B^c
Lyre	3.23 A^b	3.06 B^b	4.20 A^a	1.20 B^b	0.93 B^c	1.50 A^a
Ferulic acid	VSP	0.30 A^b	0.56 A^a	0.33 A^b	0.95 A^c	1.20 A^a	1.05 A^b
Lyre	0.43 A^a	0.36 A^a	0.36 A^a	0.96 A^b	0.80 B^c	1.10 A^a
Ʃ Phenolic acids	VSP	29.96 A^b	47.56 A^a	30.50 A^b	31.70 A^b	45.80 A^a	25.25 B^c
Lyre	34.73 A^a	30.80 B^b	31.70 A^a	29.10 B^b	22.43 B^c	31.65 A^a
Malvidin 3-O-glucoside	VSP	63.30 A^c	105.13 A^a	86.16 A^b	55.05 B^c	83.20 A^a	63.95 B^b
Lyre	53.53 B^c	84.50 A^a	73.10 A^b	60.83 A^b	52.90 B^c	70.20 A^a
Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside	VSP	1.10 A^c	1.80 A^a	1.50 A^b	1.60 A^b	1.50 A^c	2.95 A^a
Lyre	0.90 B^c	1.10 B^b	1.43 A^a	1.80 B^b	1.10 B^c	2.05 A^a
Peonidin 3-O-glucoside	VSP	1.90 A^c	2.53 A^a	2.03 A^b	2.85 B^b	1.90 B^c	4.05 A^a
Lyre	1.63 B^c	1.80 B^b	1.90 A^a	3.20 A^a	2.00 A^c	3.10 B^b
Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside	VSP	4.86 A^c	9.03 A^a	7.33 A^b	6.40 B^c	7.15 A^b	9.65 A^a
Lyre	4.20 B^c	5.93 A^b	6.76 A^a	6.76 A^b	4.93 B^c	8.20 A^a
Petunidin 3-O-glucoside	VSP	0.50 A^b	0.60 A^a	0.50 A^b	0.60 A^a	0.55 A^a	0.60 A^a
Lyre	0.66 A^a	0.50 B^b	0.43 A^b	0.60 A^a	0.50 B^b	0.60 A^a
Ʃ Anthocyanins	VSP	71.66 A^c	119.10 A^a	47.53 A^b	66.45 B^c	94.35 A^a	81.20 B^b
Lyre	60.93 B^c	93.83 A^a	83.63 B^b	73.20 A^b	61.43 A^b	84.15 A^a

Table 2. Phenolic compounds identified and quantified in Syrah wines from grapes with different rootstock and training systems

Phenolic compounds (mg L⁻¹)

Training system ¹

Rootstock²

Paulsen 1103

IAC-766

IAC-572

Paulsen 1103

IAC-766

IAC-572

June, 2014 (Harvest I)

December, 2014 (Harvest II)

¹Results followed by the same uppercase letter in the column (training system) do not differ significantly, according to Tukey’s Test (p ≤ 0.05). ² Results followed by the same lowercase letter in the row (rootstock) do not differ significantly, according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). ND: Not detected; NS: not significant; Lyre: divided trellis system; VSP: vertical shoot positioning, sparlier system.

(+)-Catechin

VSP

16.30 A^c

27.00 A^a

22.70 A^b

7.30 A^b

9.40 A^a

6.25 B^c

Lyre

13.86 A^b

16.73 A^b

17.40 A^a

6.90 A^b

5.30 B^c

8.20 A^a

(−)-Epicatechin

VSP

7.50 A^b

10.33 A^a

7.00 A^c

3.40 A^b

4.85 A^b

6.25 A^a

Lyre

6.00 B^c

6.16 A^b

6.90 A^a

3.23 B^b

5.30 B^c

8.20 A^a

(−)-Epicatechin Gallate

VSP

1.40 A^b

2.30 A^a

1.43 A^b

0.90 A^c

1.30 A^a

1.10 A^b

Lyre

1.40 A^a

1.36 A^b

1.43 A^a

1.16 A^a

1.23 A^a

1.10 A^a

(−)-Epigallocatechin

VSP

3.83 A^a

3.36 A^a

2.83 A^b

2.35 A^b

4.80 A^a

2.35 A^b

Lyre

3.30 A^a

2.60 B^c

2.83 A^b

2.73 A^a

2.53 B^b

2.45 A^b

Procyanidin A2

VSP

1.10 A^b

1.40 A^a

1.00 B^c

0.60 A^b

0.90 A^a

0.80 A^a

Lyre

1.00 B^b

0.90 B^c

1.10 A^a

0.60 A^a

0.50 B^b

0.60 A^a

Procyanidin B1

VSP

13.50 A^b

14.96 A^a

11.13 A^c

7.52 A^a

6.00 A^c

7.15 B^b

Lyre

13.93 A^a

9.13 B^c

10.63 B^b

7.10 B^b

5.50 B^c

7.30 A^a

Procyanidin B2

VSP

8.53 A^c

14.00 A^a

10.03 A^b

5.55 A^b

10.25 A^a

7.15 B^b

Lyre

6.50 B^c

9.80 A^a

9.03 B^b

5.06 A^b

3.83 B^c

7.30 A^a

Ʃ Flavan-3-ols

VSP

52.16 A^c

73.26 A^a

56.13 A^b

27.62 A^b

37.50 A^a

24.20 B^c

Lyre

46.00 B^c

46.70 B^b

49.33 A^a

26.78 A^b

24.19 A^b

35.15 A^a

Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside

VSP

0.66 A^b

1.20 A^a

0.56 A^b

5.70 B^b

6.35 A^a

6.10 A^b

Lyre

0.66 A^a

0.46 A^b

0.43 A^b

6.36 A^b

5.70 B^c

7.15 A^a

Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside

VSP

9.06 A^b

13.53 A^a

8.66 A^c

11.95 B^b

11.70 B^c

17.35 A^a

Lyre

8.06 B^b

8.10 B^b

8.53 A^a

22.83 A^b

19.50 A^b

26.45 A^a

Rutin

VSP

0.90 A^c

1.30 A^a

1.00 A^b

0.45 B^b

0.50 B^b

1.30 A^a

Lyre

0.90 A^a

0.83 A^b

1.40 A^b

1.75 A^a

Quercetin

VSP

0.20 NS

0.30 B^c

0.70 A^a

0.40 B^b

Lyre

0.20 NS

0.60 A^b

0.60 B^b

0.90 A^a

Myricetin

VSP

0.86 A^b

1.33 A^a

0.96 A^b

0.60 A^b

1.15 A^a

0.60 B^b

Lyre

0.76 A^c

1.10 A^b

1.00 A^a

0.70 B^b

1.25 A^a

Isoquercetin

VSP

13.50 A^c

18.33 A^a

14.0 A^b

15.90 B^b

9.35 B^c

29.45 A^a

Lyre

12.90 A^a

12.80 A^b

12.26 A^b

30.75 A^b

29.16 A^b

41.25 A^a

Ʃ Flavonols

VSP

25.20 A^b

35.90 A^a

25.40 A^b

34.90 B^b

29.75 B^c

55.20 A^a

Lyre

23.50 A^b

24.00 A^a

23.25 A^b

62.96 A^b

57. 06 A^c

78.75 A^a

Trans-resveratrol (Stilbene)

VSP

0.20 NS

0.50 NS

Lyre

0.20 NS

0.46 NS

0.50 NS

Gallic acid

VSP

13.83 A^c

20.73 A^a

14.56 A^b

16.85 A^b

22.30 A^a

12.20 B^c

Lyre

13.16 A^a

12.00 B^b

13.03 A^b

16.16 A^a

10.50 B^c

15.25 A^b

Caffeic acid

VSP

7.00 B^c

20.76 A^a

8.40 B^b

12.20 A^b

20.40 A^a

10.90 B^c

Lyre

15.60 A^a

12.46 B^b

8.96 A^c

10.36 B^b

9.80 B^c

13.80 A^a

Chlorogenic acid

VSP

5.20 A^a

0.93 B^c

4.30 B^b

0.40 NS

Lyre

2.30 B^c

2.90 A^b

5.13 A^a

0.40 NS

Syringic acid

VSP

3.63 A^b

4.56 A^a

2.90 A^c

1.30 A^b

1.50 A^a

1.10 B^c

Lyre

3.23 A^b

3.06 B^b

4.20 A^a

1.20 B^b

0.93 B^c

1.50 A^a

Ferulic acid

VSP

0.30 A^b

0.56 A^a

0.33 A^b

0.95 A^c

1.20 A^a

1.05 A^b

Lyre

0.43 A^a

0.36 A^a

0.96 A^b

0.80 B^c

1.10 A^a

Ʃ Phenolic acids

VSP

29.96 A^b

47.56 A^a

30.50 A^b

31.70 A^b

45.80 A^a

25.25 B^c

Lyre

34.73 A^a

30.80 B^b

31.70 A^a

29.10 B^b

22.43 B^c

31.65 A^a

Malvidin 3-O-glucoside

VSP

63.30 A^c

105.13 A^a

86.16 A^b

55.05 B^c

83.20 A^a

63.95 B^b

Lyre

53.53 B^c

84.50 A^a

73.10 A^b

60.83 A^b

52.90 B^c

70.20 A^a

Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside

VSP

1.10 A^c

1.80 A^a

1.50 A^b

1.60 A^b

1.50 A^c

2.95 A^a

Lyre

0.90 B^c

1.10 B^b

1.43 A^a

1.80 B^b

1.10 B^c

2.05 A^a

Peonidin 3-O-glucoside

VSP

1.90 A^c

2.53 A^a

2.03 A^b

2.85 B^b

1.90 B^c

4.05 A^a

Lyre

1.63 B^c

1.80 B^b

1.90 A^a

3.20 A^a

2.00 A^c

3.10 B^b

Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside

VSP

4.86 A^c

9.03 A^a

7.33 A^b

6.40 B^c

7.15 A^b

9.65 A^a

Lyre

4.20 B^c

5.93 A^b

6.76 A^a

6.76 A^b

4.93 B^c

8.20 A^a

Petunidin 3-O-glucoside

VSP

0.50 A^b

0.60 A^a

0.50 A^b

0.60 A^a

0.55 A^a

0.60 A^a

Lyre

0.66 A^a

0.50 B^b

0.43 A^b

0.60 A^a

0.50 B^b

0.60 A^a

Ʃ Anthocyanins

VSP

71.66 A^c

119.10 A^a

47.53 A^b

66.45 B^c

94.35 A^a

81.20 B^b

Lyre

60.93 B^c

93.83 A^a

83.63 B^b

73.20 A^b

61.43 A^b

84.15 A^a