J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 10, June 2020, pages 47-52

Antioxidants, polyphenols, and health benefits of cherry laurel: a review

Figure 1. Chemical structures of the phenols and polyphenols present in cherry laurel.

**Table 1.** Nutritional characteristics of cherry laurel (per 100 g)
Nutrient	Unit	Cherry laurel fruit^a	References
Abbreviations: ATE, alpha-tocopherol equivalents; DFE, dietary folate equivalents; RAE, retinol activity equivalents; tr, trace.
Proximate composition			Alasalvar et al. (2005); Turkish Food Composition Database (2020)
Water	g	77.28–81.21
Energy	kcal	74–76
Protein	g	0.54–1.59
Lipid (fat)	g	0.10–0.56
Ash	g	0.43–0.79
Carbohydrate	g	13.96–20.23
Dietary fiber	g	1.61–4.02
Sugars	g	11.38–11.51
Xylose	g	0.19–0.23
Arabinose	g	0.07–0.08
Fructose	g	4.84–5.16
Glucose	g	5.43–5.88
Sorbitol		1.51–4.80
Sucrose	g	tr
Minerals			Kolayli et al. (2003); Turkish Food Composition Database (2020)
Calcium	mg	14.8–53
Copper	mg	0.08–0.09
Iron	mg	0.44–0.83
Magnesium	mg	17.9–27.0
Manganese	mg	2.27–2.42
Phosphorus	mg	21–22
Potassium	mg	157–222
Selenium	μg	–
Sodium	mg	1.0–5.5
Zinc	mg	0.16–0.37
Vitamins			Ozturk et al. (2017); Turkish Food Composition Database (2020)
Folate (DFE)	μg	–
Niacin	mg	0.20–0.35
Pantothenic acid	mg	–
Pyridoxine (B-6)	mg	0.06–0.07
Riboflavin	mg	0.02–0.03
Thiamin	mg	–
Vitamin A (RAE)	μg	tr-3.0
Vitamin C	mg	2.00–204
Vitamin E (ATE)	mg	–
Vitamin K	μg	–
Carotenoids			Turkish Food Composition Database (2020)
Beta-carotene	μg	tr-38
Lutein	μg	23–35

Table 1. Nutritional characteristics of cherry laurel (per 100 g)

Nutrient

Unit

Cherry laurel fruit^a

References

Abbreviations: ATE, alpha-tocopherol equivalents; DFE, dietary folate equivalents; RAE, retinol activity equivalents; tr, trace.

Proximate composition

Alasalvar et al. (2005); Turkish Food Composition Database (2020)

Water

77.28–81.21

Energy

kcal

74–76

Protein

0.54–1.59

Lipid (fat)

0.10–0.56

Ash

0.43–0.79

Carbohydrate

13.96–20.23

Dietary fiber

1.61–4.02

Sugars

11.38–11.51

Xylose

0.19–0.23

Arabinose

0.07–0.08

Fructose

4.84–5.16

Glucose

5.43–5.88

Sorbitol

1.51–4.80

Sucrose

Minerals

Kolayli et al. (2003); Turkish Food Composition Database (2020)

Calcium

14.8–53

Copper

0.08–0.09

Iron

0.44–0.83

Magnesium

17.9–27.0

Manganese

2.27–2.42

Phosphorus

21–22

Potassium

157–222

Selenium

μg

–

Sodium

1.0–5.5

Zinc

0.16–0.37

Vitamins

Ozturk et al. (2017); Turkish Food Composition Database (2020)

Folate (DFE)

μg

–

Niacin

0.20–0.35

Pantothenic acid

–

Pyridoxine (B-6)

0.06–0.07

Riboflavin

0.02–0.03

Thiamin

–

Vitamin A (RAE)

μg

tr-3.0

Vitamin C

2.00–204

Vitamin E (ATE)

–

Vitamin K

μg

–

Carotenoids

Turkish Food Composition Database (2020)

Beta-carotene

μg

tr-38

Lutein

μg

23–35

**Table 2.** Antioxidant activities of cherry laurel determined by various assays
Antioxidant assays	Unit	Cherry laurel	References
Abbreviations: AAE, ascorbic acid equivalents; ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; BCB, beta-carotene bleaching; CUPRAC, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TE, trolox equivalents.
ABTS	μmol TE/g	23.21	Celep et al. (2012); Ozturk et al. (2017)
BCB	% inhibition/mL	61
CUPRAC	mg AAE/g	23.7–46.9
DPPH	μmol TE/g	43.54
FRAP	μmol TE/g	14.74
Hydrogen peroxide scavenging	% inhibition	3.5–16.3	Liyana-Pathirana et al., 2006
LDL oxidation inhibition	% inhibition	42.7–58.5
ORAC	μmol TE/g	3,633–7,996	Alasalvar et al., 2005
Superoxide radical scavenging	% inhibition	82.3–100	Liyana-Pathirana et al., 2006

Table 2. Antioxidant activities of cherry laurel determined by various assays

Antioxidant assays

Unit

Cherry laurel

References

Abbreviations: AAE, ascorbic acid equivalents; ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; BCB, beta-carotene bleaching; CUPRAC, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TE, trolox equivalents.

ABTS

μmol TE/g

23.21

Celep et al. (2012); Ozturk et al. (2017)

BCB

% inhibition/mL

CUPRAC

mg AAE/g

23.7–46.9

DPPH

μmol TE/g

43.54

FRAP

μmol TE/g

14.74

Hydrogen peroxide scavenging

% inhibition

3.5–16.3

Liyana-Pathirana et al., 2006

LDL oxidation inhibition

% inhibition

42.7–58.5

ORAC

μmol TE/g

3,633–7,996

Alasalvar et al., 2005

Superoxide radical scavenging

% inhibition

82.3–100

Liyana-Pathirana et al., 2006

**Table 3.** Contents of total polyphenols in cherry laurel
Polyphenols	Unit	Cherry laurel	References
Abbreviations: C3GE, cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents; EGCGE, epigallocatechin gallate equivalents; FAE, ferulic acid equivalents; GAE, gallic acid equivalents; QE, quercetin equivalents.
Total anthocyanins	mg C3GE/100 g	124–174	Alasalvar et al. (2005); Capanoglu et al. (2011); Ozturk et al. (2017)
Total carotenoids	μg/100 g	254–261
Total flavonoids	mg QE/100 g	11.76
Total phenolics	mg FAE/100 g	454–651
mg GAE/100 g	944–4,919
Total proanthocyanidins	mg EGCGE/100 g	3.40	Celep et al. (2012)

Table 3. Contents of total polyphenols in cherry laurel

Polyphenols

Unit

Cherry laurel

References

Abbreviations: C3GE, cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents; EGCGE, epigallocatechin gallate equivalents; FAE, ferulic acid equivalents; GAE, gallic acid equivalents; QE, quercetin equivalents.

Total anthocyanins

mg C3GE/100 g

124–174

Alasalvar et al. (2005); Capanoglu et al. (2011); Ozturk et al. (2017)

Total carotenoids

μg/100 g

254–261

Total flavonoids

mg QE/100 g

11.76

Total phenolics

mg FAE/100 g

454–651

mg GAE/100 g

944–4,919

Total proanthocyanidins

mg EGCGE/100 g

3.40

Celep et al. (2012)

**Table 4.** Reported polyphenols in cherry laurel
Types of polyphenolic compounds	Unit	Content	References
Abbreviations: fw, fresh weight; nd, not detected.
Anthocyanins	Cyanidin-3-glucoside	mg/100 g fw	4.6	Capanoglu et al. (2011); Karahalil and Şahin (2011); Bayrambaş et al. (2019);
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside	6.6
Keracyanin chloride	2.4–14.97
Pelargonidin-3-glucoside	11.0
Flavan-3-ols	(-)-Catechin	0.02–23.3
(-)-Catechin gallate	0.8–4.3
(-)-Epigallocatechin	1.7–27.2
(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate	0.4–41
Epicatechin	0.3–17.2
(-)-Gallocatechin gallate	1.4–6.4
Flavonols	Kaempferol	0.5–3.8
Quercetin-3-glucoside	0.97–2.8
Rutin	nd–0.3
Phenolic acids	Caffeic acid	64.6–74.8	Alasalvar et al. (2005); Capanoglu et al. (2011); Karahalil and Şahin (2011); Karabegović et al. (2014); Ozturk et al. (2017); Bayrambaş et al. (2019)
Chlorogenic acid	103–160
o-Coumaric acid	nd–2.24
p-Coumaric acid	11.5–49.7
Ferulic acid	nd–6.2
Gallic acid	0.2–37.6
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	2.3–3.0
Protocatechuic acid	nd–1.12
Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester	0.04–19.0
Syringic acid	1.0–56.2
Vanillic acid	1.5–12.4
Procyanidins	Procyanidin B2	14.4–52.4

Table 4. Reported polyphenols in cherry laurel

Types of polyphenolic compounds

Unit

Content

References

Abbreviations: fw, fresh weight; nd, not detected.

Anthocyanins

Cyanidin-3-glucoside

mg/100 g fw

4.6

Capanoglu et al. (2011); Karahalil and Şahin (2011); Bayrambaş et al. (2019);

Cyanidin-3-rutinoside

6.6

Keracyanin chloride

2.4–14.97

Pelargonidin-3-glucoside

11.0

Flavan-3-ols

(-)-Catechin

0.02–23.3

(-)-Catechin gallate

0.8–4.3

(-)-Epigallocatechin

1.7–27.2

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate

0.4–41

Epicatechin

0.3–17.2

(-)-Gallocatechin gallate

1.4–6.4

Flavonols

Kaempferol

0.5–3.8

Quercetin-3-glucoside

0.97–2.8

Rutin

nd–0.3

Phenolic acids

Caffeic acid

64.6–74.8

Alasalvar et al. (2005); Capanoglu et al. (2011); Karahalil and Şahin (2011); Karabegović et al. (2014); Ozturk et al. (2017); Bayrambaş et al. (2019)

Chlorogenic acid

103–160

o-Coumaric acid

nd–2.24

p-Coumaric acid

11.5–49.7

Ferulic acid

nd–6.2

Gallic acid

0.2–37.6

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid

2.3–3.0

Protocatechuic acid

nd–1.12

Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester

0.04–19.0

Syringic acid

1.0–56.2

Vanillic acid

1.5–12.4

Procyanidins

Procyanidin B2

14.4–52.4