Figure 1. Block process flow diagram to illustrate a typical routine of milk phospholipid (PL) isolation and purification.
| Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online |
| Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com |
Review
Volume 5, March 2019, pages 31-42
Vesicle properties and health benefits of milk phospholipids: a review
Figure
Tables
| Product | PL on product (g/100g) | PL on DM (g/100g) | PL on fat (g/100g) | Protein on product (g/100g) | Protein on DM (g/100g) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butter serum AMF | 1.25 | 11.54 | 14.8–48.4 | 2.91 | 32.71 | (Lopez et al., 2017; Smithers and Augustin, 2013) |
| Sweet buttermilk | 0.16 | 2.03 | 4.49–33.1 | 3.31 | 32.95 | (Smithers and Augustin, 2013) |
| Acid buttermilk whey | 0.1 | 1.84 | 25.4 | 0.99 | 84.7 | (Pimentel et al., 2016) |
| Patent | Patent family | Assignee | Feed | Lipid extract | Defat | DM Purity (%) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Notes: aEthanol, iso-propanol, n-heptane; bAcetone, ethyl acetate, and 2-pentanone; cButter serum powder, buttermilk; dUltrafiltration and dia-filtration; eWhey protein concentrate 80; fDimethyl ether. | |||||||
| US8471002B2(2013) | EP1814399B1(2016), JP2008515455A(2008), KR20070114108A(2005), CN101090635B(2012), CA2583704C(2012), DK1814399T3(2016) | Fonterra, NZ | BSP, et al | Ethanol, DMEf | CO2 | 25, 75, 60 (Phospholac 500, 600, 700) | |
| US8231922B2(2012) | EP1901620A1(2008), JP5455365B2(2008), JP5455365B2(2014), KR101352288B1(2014), CA2611121C(2014), RU2420083C2(2011), WO2006128465A1(2006) | Arla, DK | BM whey | MF | 75, 20 (PL 75/20) | ||
| US13205071 (2011) | EP20060728307(2006), RU2480474C2(2013), WO2006114790A3(2007), CA701316521A | Enzymotec Ltd, Israel | Milk PL 12.3% | Ethanol and n-hexane | Acetone, CO2 | 87 | |
| US9700061B2(2017) | EP1880612A1(2008), JP5079805B2(2012), KR101492647B1(2015), CN101494990B(2013), CA2655238A1(2008), WO2008009636A1(2008) | Corman SA, Belgium | Fresh cream | Deproteinize by UF/DFd | 20 | 50 | |
| JP2018052912A(2018) | JP2017092808A(2017) JP2018052912A(2018) | Megmilk Snow Brand Co Ltd, Japan | Milk PL | Ethanol | CO2 | 60–99 | |
| US5677472A (1997) | EP0689579B1(1999), JP3504267B2(2004), CA2155950A1(1994), DE69420712D1(1999), DK0689579T3(2000) | Svenska Mejerienas Riksforenings Ekonomi AB, Sweden | BM, whey | Ethanol, et ala | Acetone et alb | 70–95 | 52 |
| US9567356B2(2017) | EP2912044B1(2018), JP2018000944A(2018), CN104768959B(2018), CA2888483A1(2014), DK2912044T3(2018), ES2684310T3(2018), WO2014066623A1(2014) | Cargill Inc, US | BM, Lecithin | Alcohol (C1–3, C8–22) | 58.7 | ||
| EP2168438A1(2010) | EP20080015710(2008) | Meggle Japan Co Ltd | BSP, BMc | High pressure ethanol | CO2 | 70 (PE10, PS 33, PI 27) | 3 |
| WO2002034062A1(2002) | PCT/BE2000/000130(2000) | Nv Marc Boone | BM et al | 5–20 kDa UF | SM doubled | ||
| JP2005336230A(2005) | JP2004153154A(2004) | Morinaga | WPC80e | CO2 | 22–46 | 1 | |
| WO2007123424A1(2007) | PCT/NZ2007/000087(2007) | Owen John Catchpole | PL, egg yolk | Ethanol | CO2 | ||
| Milk sample origin | Lipid extract | PL fraction | Stationary phase | Column size (L×D mm) | Particle size (µm) | Mobile phase | Elution | Volume (mL/min) | Elution time (min) | Oven tempera-ture (°C) | Detector | Identified species in order | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aQuadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry; bevaporative light-scattering detector, low temperature; ccharged aerosol detector; dlysophosphatidylcholine; elactosylceramide; facetonitrile and ammonium acetate; gchloroform and methanol; hacetic acid, methanol; ihexane, iso-propanol, di-chloromethane, formic acid; jhuman being milk; khexane, diethyl ether; lmethanol, phosphoric acid, and acetonitrile (32, 0.6, 67.4 % in volume, respectively). | |||||||||||||
| Bovine raw | CM | Silica | 100×2.1 | 1.7 | 2 (ACN)f | gradient | 0.3 | 28 | 45 | Q-TOF-MSa | PS, PG, PI, PE, PC, SM, LPCd | (Ali et al., 2018) | |
| Cow, ewe, goat skim | DMC | Silica | 500×4.5 | 5 | 4 (CM)g | gradient | 0.5–1.4 | 53 | 35 | ELSD | PE, PI, PS, PC, SM | (Castro-Gómez et al., 2014) | |
| Cow raw | CM | C18 | 100×2.1 | 1.7 | 2 (ACN) | gradient | 0.225 | 21 | Q-TOF-MS | PC, SM, LPC | (Cheema et al., 2017) | ||
| Cow BM UF | CM | Silica | 150×3 | 3 | 2 (CM) | gradient | 0.5 | 20 | 35 | ELSD-LTIIb 50 °C 3.5Bar | PE, PC, SM, PS, PI | (Ferreiro et al., 2014; Ferreiro et al., 2016) | |
| Donkey raw | CM | Silica | 150×3 | 3 | 2 (AA, MeOH, DCM)h | gradient | 0.5 | 17 | RP LC-MS | PI, PE, PS, PC, SM | (Contarini et al., 2017) | ||
| Cow raw | CM | SPE (CM) | Betasil DIOL | 150×4.6 | 5 | 3 (C6, IPA FA)i | gradient | 1.5 | 19 | 30 | CADc 2.4 Bar | PI, PE, PS, PC, SM, LPC | (Kiełbowicz et al., 2013) |
| Cow raw | CM | SPE (C6, DEE)k | Silica | 250×4.6 | 5 | 2 (CM) | gradient | 1 | 40 | ELSD (3.1Bar 50 °C) | PE, PI, PS, PC, SM | (Zheng et al., 2014) | |
| Cow, yak raw | CM | SPE | Silica | 8×3 250×3 | 5 | 2 (ACN) | gradient | 1 | 24 | 50 | ELSD (90 °C) | PI, PE, PS, PC, SM | (Luo et al., 2018) |
| Cow raw | CM | Silica | 250×4.6 | 5 | 2 (ACN) | gradient | 0.6 | 25 | 30 | MS | PS, SM, PE, PC, PI, LacCere | (Liu et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2015) | |
| Cow raw | CM | Silica | 150×3 | 3 | 2 (CM) | gradient | 0.5 | 35 | 40 | ELSD (85 °C) | PE, PI, PS, PC, SM | (Lopez et al., 2014) | |
| Cow raw | CM | C18 | 32×0.1 200×0.1 | 3 | 2 (ACN) | gradient | 0.5 | 200 | MS | PI, PE, PS, PC, SM | (Lu et al., 2016) | ||
| HBMj | CM | Hypersil APS-2, aminopropyl | 150×2.1 | 3 | 2 (CM) | gradient | 0.25 | 29 | 25 | MS | PI, PE, PC, PS, SM | (Ma et al., 2017) | |
| Cow raw | CM | Silica | 250×4.5 | 5 | 2 (CM) | gradient | 1–1.5 | 60 | 40 | ELSD | PE, PI, PS, PC, SM | (Rodríguez-Alcal et al., 2015) | |
| Cow raw | CM | SPE (C6, DEE) | Silica | 250×4.6 | 5 | 2 (CM) | gradient | 1 | 40 | ELSD 50 °C 3.2Bar | PE, PI, PS, PC, SM | (Haddadian et al., 2018) | |
| Cow raw | CM | TLC (C6, DEE) | Silica | 150×2.1 | 3 | 2 (CM) | gradient | 1 | 55 | 40 | ELSD | PE, PI, PS, PC, SM | (Zou et al., 2015) |
| HBM | CM | TLC (C6, DEE) | Silica | 250×4.6 | 5 | 3(MeOH, ACN)l | Isocratic | 1 | 30 | UV205nm | PE, PC, SM | (Wu et al., 2019) | |
| Cow | CM Röse | Silica | 150×3 | 3 | 2(DCM, MeOH) | gradient | 26 | 40 | CAD 2.4Bar | PA, PI, PE, PS, PC, SM | (Barry et al., 2016) | ||
| Cow whey | CM | Silica | 150×4.6 | 3 | 2(CM) | gradient | 0.5 | 27 | ELSD 40 °C 1.8Bar | PE, PI, PS, PC, SM | (Torkamani et al., 2016) | ||
| Encapsulate | Phospholipid | Vesicle | Bioavailability | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celastrol (CST) | Soy PC | Phytosomes | 4–5-fold increase | (Freaga et al., 2018) |
| Apigenin | Soy PC | Phytosomes | Up to 82% | (Telange et al., 2017) |
| Berberine (BER) | Soy PC | Phytosomes | 3-fold increase | (Yu et al., 2016) |
| 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid | Soy lecithin | Phytosomes | Extended storage to 30–90 days | (Djekic et al., 2016) |
| Curcumin | Milk PL | Liposomes: Sonication | More efficient and stable than soy lecithin | (Jin et al., 2016) |
| Lactoferrin (LF) | Milk PL | Liposomes: Ethanol injection | Gastric stable and slow intestinal hydrolysis | (Liu et al., 2013) |
| Tea phenolic | Milk PL | Liposomes: Micro-fluidization | More efficient than soy lecithin | (Gulseren and Corredig, 2013) |
| β-carotene and ascorbic acid | Milk PL | Liposomes Micro-fluidization | Poor physical stability upon storage | (Farhang, 2013) |
| Silybin | Milk PL | Reverse phase evaporation (RPE) | 10-fold increase | (Siegel et al., 2014) |
| Functionality | Dietary supplementary | Model | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive | PL PUFA | In vivo: Healthy elderly | Cognitive function was activated | (Konagai et al., 2013) |
| Cognitive | Lacprodan® PL-20 | In vivo: Healthy elderly | Set protocols to assess Lacprodan® PL-20 | (Scholey et al., 2013) |
| Cognitive | MFGM | Ex vivo: Rats | MFGM altered brain lipid | (Moukarzel et al., 2018) |
| Cognitive | Lacprodan® PL-20 | Ex vivo: Neonatal piglet | Spatial ability was enhanced | (Liu et al., 2014) |
| Cognitive | MFGM | Ex vivo: Suckling rat pups | Related genes expression was promoted | (Brink and Lönnerdal, 2018) |
| Cognitive | Milk SM | In vivo: Low birth weight infants | SM activated prefrontal cortex of the brain, yield better score on visual evoked potential, attention, and memory | (Tanaka et al., 2013) |
| Cognitive | Ganglioside | In vivo: 6-months infants | Cognitive score increased | (Gurnida et al., 2012) |
| Cognitive | MFGM | In vivo: Infant and Toddler | The diet led to similar cognitive score to breastfed infants but showed higher score to pure polar lipids fed infants | (Timby et al., 2014) |
| Cognitive | Milk PL | In vivo: 54 healthy, non-obese adult men | Cognitive performance was improved under conditions of psychosocial stress but failed to moderate cortisol response | (Boyle et al., 2019) |
| Cognitive | Milk PL coated dietary lipid | Ex vivo: Healthy male mice | T-maze test: Increased to 87% from 74% in short-term memory tests; while same in long-term memory | (Schipper et al., 2016) |
| Skincare | Milk PL | Ex vivo: Dog with allergic skin disorders | Enteric improvement and better skin conditions | (Karasawa et al., 2017) |
| Skincare | Milk PL | In vivo: Healthy adults aged 20 to 39 year | Skin elasticity in the region below the eye increased | (Higurashi et al., 2015) |
| Skincare | Milk PL | In vivo: Atopic dermatitis patients | Not effective | (Keller et al., 2014) |
| Skincare | Milk PL | Ex vivo: Mice | Modulated epidermal covalently bound ceramides associated with formation of lamellar structures and alleviated skin inflammation | (Morifuji et al., 2015) |
| Anti-inflammatory | MFGM rich diet | Ex vivo: Mice | Attenuated the inflammatory response to a systemic LPS challenge; cut gut permeability. | (Snow et al., 2010) |
| Anti-inflammatory | Milk SM diet | Ex vivo: high-fat-fed mice | Altered distal gut microbiota and lowered serum LPS | (Norris et al., 2016) |
| Anti-inflammatory | Milk SM diet | Ex vivo: high-fat-diet-induced mice | Suppressed metabolic indicator of obesity | (Norris et al., 2017) |
| Anti-inflammatory | Milk PL extract | In vitro: MA-104 cells of embryonic African green monkey kidney | Polar lipids displayed effects of anti-rotavirus activity by focus-forming unit (FFU) assay | (Fuller et al., 2012) |
| Anti-inflammatory | MFGM | Ex vivo: Rat pups | Protective and replenishing effects on neonatal intestinal epithelium caused by clostridium difficile toxin; milk PL deficiency led to defect of GI development | (Bhinder et al., 2017) |