Figure 1.
Citrus phytochemicals and their anti-obesity activities.
| Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online |
| Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com |
Review
Volume 4, Number , December 2018, pages 99-106
Citrus phytochemicals and their potential effects on the prevention and treatment of obesity: review and progress of the past 10 years
Figures
Citrus phytochemicals and their anti-obesity activities.
Chemical structures of p-synephrine, m-synephrine and ephedrine.
Table
| Source | Mechanism | Experimental model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| SINETROL (citrus-based polyphenolic dietary supplement) | Inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) | Cell model and human clinical study | Dallas et al. (2008) |
| Blood orange juice | Not clear | Mouse model | Titta et al. (2010) |
| Orange peel extract | Suppressing adipose tissue formation | Mouse model | Huang et al. (2009) |
| Citrus (orange, lemon, lime, tangerine and grapefruit) peels extract | Not clear | Rat model | Ezekwesili-Ofili and Gwacham (2015) |
| Citrus depressa hayata (shiikuwasa) peel extract | Regulating the expressions of lipogenesis-related genes in white adipose tissue | Mouse model | Lee et al. (2011) |
| Immature Citrus sunki peel extract | Promoting β-oxidation and lipolysis in adipose tissue | Mouse model and 3T3-L1 cell model | Kang et al. (2012) |
| Aged citrus (Chenpi) peel extract | Improvement in lipid metabolism associated with activation of the AMPK pathway | Mouse model | Guo et al. (2016) |
| Grapefruit naringenin | Regulating the activity of nuclear receptors PPAR α, PPAR γ, and LXR αs | Cell model | Goldwasser et al. (2010) |
| Pomelo peel extracts | Activate PPAR α and GLUT4 pathway | Mouse model | Ding et al. (2013) |
| Yuzu (Citrus juno) peel and pomace extracts | Activate hepatic PPAR α and adipocyte PPAR γ | Zebrafish model | Zang et al. (2014) |
| Lemon peel polyphenols | Increasing peroxisomal β-oxidation through Up-regulation of mRNA levels of PPAR α and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) | Mouse model | Fukuchi et al. (2008) |
| Citrus peel extract | Regulating the LD perilipin 1 protein and transcriptional factor SREBP-1 protein expression and altering gut microbiota | Mouse model and 3T3-L1 cell model | Tung et al. (2018) |
| Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) flavonoids | Inhibit adipogenesis through the Akt signaling pathway | 3T3-L1 cell model | Kim et al. (2012) |
| Citrus ichangensis peel extract | Inhibition of PPAR γ and LXR signaling | Mouse model | Ding et al. (2012) |
| Dried Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu) peel extract | Indirectly stimulate lipolysis by inhibiting protection of physical barrier on lipid droplet to hinder lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes | 3T3-L1 cell model | Jung et al. (2011) |
| Morosil (Blood orange juice extract) | Not clear | Human clinical study | Cardile et al. (2015) |
| Citrus aurantifolia (key lime) essential oil | Suppressing appetite | Mouse model | Asnaashari et al. (2010) |
| Nomilin standard | Activation of TGR5 receptor | Mouse model | Ono et al. (2011) |