J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 4, Number , December 2018, pages 69-87

Phytochemical composition and bioactivities of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.): review of recent research advances

**Table 1.** Published review articles on *Crataegus* spp. bioactive compounds, pharmacological and health effects and safety
Plants or their products	Topic	Summary of content	Reference
Standardized Crataegus extracts	Treatment of heart failure	Positive inotropic, chronotropic, dromotropic effects; negative bathmotropic effects; increases coronary and myocardial perfusion, lowers peripheral resistance, has antiarrhythmic and economizing action with respect to oxygen and energy consumption.	Loew, 1997
Extract from fresh hawthorn berries	Orthostatic hypotension	In combination with D-camphor exerts a significant effect that counteracts an orthostatic fall in blood pressure	Belz and Loew, 2003
Hawthorn extract	Clinical trials to treat chronic heart failure	A significant benefit from hawthorn extract as an adjunctive treatment for chronic heart failure	Pittler et al., 2003
Hawthorn	Cardiovascular disease	May induce anti-ischemia/reperfusion-injury, anti-arrhythmic, hypolipidemic and hypotensive effects, which may in part be due to the presence of antioxidant flavonoid components.	Chang et al., 2005
Hawthorn medicinal extracts (WS 1442, LI 132)	Heart failure	Improvement in patients with mild forms of heart failure, clinical symptoms, pressure-heart rate product, left ventricular ejection fraction; no evidence of a notable reduction in mortality or sudden death	Dahmer and Scott, 2010
Standardized extracts from hawthorn leaves and flowers	Preclinical and clinical studies mild chronic heart failure	Cardiotonic effects, cardio- and vasoprotective properties; may be employed in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, or prevention of restenosis/reocclusion following peripheral endo-vascular treatment.	Koch and Malek, 2011
C. oxyacantha	Cardiovascular disease prevention	A wide range of cardiovascular pharmacological properties: antioxidant activity, positive inotropic effect, anti-inflammatory effect, anticardiac remodeling effect, antiplatelet aggregation effect, vasodilating effect, endothelial protective effect, reduction of smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury, antiarrhythmic effect, lipid-lowering effect and decrease of arterial blood pressure effect	Wang et al., 2013
C. pinnatifida	Chemical constituents, pharmacology, potential applications	>150 compounds (flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, lignans, hydroxycinnamic acids, organic acids and nitrogen-containing) have been isolated and identified; broad pharmacological effects with low toxicity; wide applications in pharmacological therapy	Wu et al., 2014
The genus Crataegus	Chemical, pharmacological, health, uses aspects	Heart (cardiovascular disorders), central nervous system, immune system, eyes, reproductive system, liver, kidney etc; cytotoxic, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and antimicrobial activities. Bioactive phytochemicals: oligomeric procyanidins, flavonoids, triterpenes, polysaccharides, catecholamines; traditional uses; the clinical trials and regulatory status.	Kumar et al., 2012
Crataegus spp. of different origins	Composition and health effects of phenolic compounds	Epicatechin, aglycons and glycosides of B-type oligomeric procyanidins and flavonols, phenolic acids and C-glycosyl flavones as he major groups of phenolics; in vitro and animal studies showing cardioprotective, hypolipidaemic, hypotensive, antioxidant, radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory potentials	Yang and Liu, 2012
C. oxycantha	Treatment of atrial fibrillation	Mechanisms of cardiovascular health benefits; lack of clinical studies evaluating its use in atrial fibrillation	Kanman-thareddy et al., 2015
C. monogyna Jacq.	Polyphenolic composition and medical applications	A critical review about physiological and pharmacological activities due to the presence of different bioactive natural compounds. In addition, scientific evidence suggests that the toxicity of hawthorn is negligible	Nabavi et al., 2015
Hawthorn juice	Various aspects	Nutritional characteristics, bioactives and antioxidant efficacy, phenolics, health effects, novel products/formulations and future trends	Venskutonis, 2016
Crataegus extract WS 1442	Benefit-risk assessment	Positive inotropic and antiarrhythmic properties; protecting from ischemic damage, reperfusion injury, and hypertension-related hypertrophy; improving endothelial functions (NO synthesis, delay of endothelial senescence); favorable safety profile (monotherapy and as add-on therapy); no drug interactions; no specific adverse reactions	Holubarsch et al., 2018
WS 1442 extract from Crataegus spp. leaves and flowers with 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins	Effects on cardiovascular system in vitro and in vivo, inc. large clinical trials	Beneficial cardioprotective values; free radicals scavenger; protect the ischemic heart tissue from neutrophile elastase action successions; vasorelaxant activity, via affecting eNOS synthase, and prevents ischemic heart tissue swelling by influence on calcium signaling pathways, and thus detain hyperpermeability of endothelium.	Zorniak et al., 2017
Crataegus spp.	Phenolic compounds; their bioactivity	Beneficial effects and the mechanisms of action involved are analyzed in a critical and systematic way in order to promote its use in the treatment of various diseases considered in Mexico as public health problems.	Cervantes-Paz et al., 2018
C. meyeri and C. pontica	Antioxidant properties and medicinal uses	The advantages of using natural remedies over their synthetic equivalents, the necessity of thorough investigations of less studied Crataegus spp	Dolatkhani and Jameie, 2015

Table 1. Published review articles on Crataegus spp. bioactive compounds, pharmacological and health effects and safety

Plants or their products

Topic

Summary of content

Reference

Standardized Crataegus extracts

Treatment of heart failure

Positive inotropic, chronotropic, dromotropic effects; negative bathmotropic effects; increases coronary and myocardial perfusion, lowers peripheral resistance, has antiarrhythmic and economizing action with respect to oxygen and energy consumption.

Loew, 1997

Extract from fresh hawthorn berries

Orthostatic hypotension

In combination with D-camphor exerts a significant effect that counteracts an orthostatic fall in blood pressure

Belz and Loew, 2003

Hawthorn extract

Clinical trials to treat chronic heart failure

A significant benefit from hawthorn extract as an adjunctive treatment for chronic heart failure

Pittler et al., 2003

Hawthorn

Cardiovascular disease

May induce anti-ischemia/reperfusion-injury, anti-arrhythmic, hypolipidemic and hypotensive effects, which may in part be due to the presence of antioxidant flavonoid components.

Chang et al., 2005

Hawthorn medicinal extracts (WS 1442, LI 132)

Heart failure

Improvement in patients with mild forms of heart failure, clinical symptoms, pressure-heart rate product, left ventricular ejection fraction; no evidence of a notable reduction in mortality or sudden death

Dahmer and Scott, 2010

Standardized extracts from hawthorn leaves and flowers

Preclinical and clinical studies mild chronic heart failure

Cardiotonic effects, cardio- and vasoprotective properties; may be employed in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, or prevention of restenosis/reocclusion following peripheral endo-vascular treatment.

Koch and Malek, 2011

C. oxyacantha

Cardiovascular disease prevention

A wide range of cardiovascular pharmacological properties: antioxidant activity, positive inotropic effect, anti-inflammatory effect, anticardiac remodeling effect, antiplatelet aggregation effect, vasodilating effect, endothelial protective effect, reduction of smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury, antiarrhythmic effect, lipid-lowering effect and decrease of arterial blood pressure effect

Wang et al., 2013

C. pinnatifida

Chemical constituents, pharmacology, potential applications

>150 compounds (flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, lignans, hydroxycinnamic acids, organic acids and nitrogen-containing) have been isolated and identified; broad pharmacological effects with low toxicity; wide applications in pharmacological therapy

Wu et al., 2014

The genus Crataegus

Chemical, pharmacological, health, uses aspects

Heart (cardiovascular disorders), central nervous system, immune system, eyes, reproductive system, liver, kidney etc; cytotoxic, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and antimicrobial activities. Bioactive phytochemicals: oligomeric procyanidins, flavonoids, triterpenes, polysaccharides, catecholamines; traditional uses; the clinical trials and regulatory status.

Kumar et al., 2012

Crataegus spp. of different origins

Composition and health effects of phenolic compounds

Epicatechin, aglycons and glycosides of B-type oligomeric procyanidins and flavonols, phenolic acids and C-glycosyl flavones as he major groups of phenolics; in vitro and animal studies showing cardioprotective, hypolipidaemic, hypotensive, antioxidant, radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory potentials

Yang and Liu, 2012

C. oxycantha

Treatment of atrial fibrillation

Mechanisms of cardiovascular health benefits; lack of clinical studies evaluating its use in atrial fibrillation

Kanman-thareddy et al., 2015

C. monogyna Jacq.

Polyphenolic composition and medical applications

A critical review about physiological and pharmacological activities due to the presence of different bioactive natural compounds. In addition, scientific evidence suggests that the toxicity of hawthorn is negligible

Nabavi et al., 2015

Hawthorn juice

Various aspects

Nutritional characteristics, bioactives and antioxidant efficacy, phenolics, health effects, novel products/formulations and future trends

Venskutonis, 2016

Crataegus extract WS 1442

Benefit-risk assessment

Positive inotropic and antiarrhythmic properties; protecting from ischemic damage, reperfusion injury, and hypertension-related hypertrophy; improving endothelial functions (NO synthesis, delay of endothelial senescence); favorable safety profile (monotherapy and as add-on therapy); no drug interactions; no specific adverse reactions

Holubarsch et al., 2018

WS 1442 extract from Crataegus spp. leaves and flowers with 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins

Effects on cardiovascular system in vitro and in vivo, inc. large clinical trials

Beneficial cardioprotective values; free radicals scavenger; protect the ischemic heart tissue from neutrophile elastase action successions; vasorelaxant activity, via affecting eNOS synthase, and prevents ischemic heart tissue swelling by influence on calcium signaling pathways, and thus detain hyperpermeability of endothelium.

Zorniak et al., 2017

Crataegus spp.

Phenolic compounds; their bioactivity

Beneficial effects and the mechanisms of action involved are analyzed in a critical and systematic way in order to promote its use in the treatment of various diseases considered in Mexico as public health problems.

Cervantes-Paz et al., 2018

C. meyeri and C. pontica

Antioxidant properties and medicinal uses

The advantages of using natural remedies over their synthetic equivalents, the necessity of thorough investigations of less studied Crataegus spp

Dolatkhani and Jameie, 2015

**Table 2.** Phytoconstituents of *Crataegus* spp. (recently reported; newly identified compounds are in italics)
Sample information	Name	Bioactivities, other study objective	Reference
Abbreviations are: glcp,glucopyranoside; glc, glucoside; TPC,total phenolic content; TFC,total flavonoid content; GAE,gallic acid equivalents; and QE,quercetin equivalents.
C. pinnatifida, extract of leaves	4 monoterpene glycosides, pinnatifidanosides A-D; phenolic glycoside, pinnatifidanoside E; byzantionoside B, (3S,5R,6R,7E,9R)-3,6-epoxy-7-megastigmen-5, 9-diol-9-O-β-D-glcp, (65,7Z,9R)-roseoside, icariside B6, linalool oxide β-D-glc, shanyenoside A, dihydrocharcone-2′-β-D-glc, eriodectyol, vitexin, 2″-O-rhamnosyl vitexin	Antithrombotic effects	Li et al., 2015
C. pinnatifida, ethanolic extract of leaves	Norhawthornoids A, B; sesquiterpenoids shnyegenin B, shnyeside B, (3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)-megastiman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol, euodionosides D, (6R,9R)-3-oxo-α-ionol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (6S,7E,9R)-6,9-dihydroxy-4,7-megastiymadien-3-one-9-O-[β-D-xylopyranosy-β-D-glucopyranoside], linarionosides A, B, C; 3,9-dihydroxy-5-megastigmen-3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosy-β-D-glucopyranoside], pinnatifidanosides C, F, G.	Antithrombotic effects	Gao et al., 2017
C. pinnatifida, hydroethanolic extract of fruits	Crataegusoids: A(−), B, C, D, E (−) and (+), F	Cytotoxicity against cancer cells	Guo et al., 2018
C. pinnatifida, extract of seeds	8 new lignans, hawthornnins A-H and 7 known analogues	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	Huang et al., 2015a
C. pinnatifida, extract of seeds	2 new 8-0-4′ neolignans, huangnin A and B; 4 known analogs	Tyrosinase inhibition	Huang et al., 2015b
C. pinnatifida, 70% ethanol extract of seeds	7 Crataegusnins A-G; 3 substituted propanetriols (3); leptolepisol D	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	Peng et al., 2016
Crataegus spp., 70% ethanol extract from seeds	(7R, 8R, 8S)-, (7′S, 8′R, 8R)-, (7′R, 8′S, 8S)-isolariciresinols, (7′S, 8′R, 8R)-lyoniresinol, (7′S, 8′R, 8R)-isolariciresinol-9′-β-D-glc, lyoniside, nudiposide	Inhibition of amyloid A_β1–42 aggregation	Huang et al., 2018b
C. pinnatifida, flavonoid extract of leaves	(-)-Epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-(2,6-di-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside, 4″-O-glucosyl and 2″-O-rhamnosylvitexins, vitexin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin	Isolation and purification of flavonoids	Wen et al., 2017b
C. pinnatifida var. major, crude Crataegus Fructus drug	Crataegusins A and B (2) (new flavanocoumarins)	DPPH reducing activity	Kazuma et al., 2016
C. azarolus var. eu-azarolus Maire, ethanol extract of leaves and its fractions	EtOH: rutin, salicylic and ellagic acids; chloroform and n-butanol fractions: ursolic, 3-β-O-acetyl ursolic, and ellagic acids, quercetin-3-O-β methyl ether, rutin and apigenin7-O-rutinoside	Anti-hyperglycemic activity	Abu-Gharbieh Shehab, 2017
C. azarolus var. aronia, ethyl acetate extract of leaves	A new ursane-type triterpene acid, azarolic acid, 4 known phenolic compounds; 4 known triterpene acids	Anti-vasoconstriction	Mahmud et al., 2016
C. monogyna, C. azarolus fruit	3 hydroxycinnamic and 1 hydroxybenzoic acid, 6 glucosylated flavonols and 2 flavones, 2 cyanidin glycosides; (-)-epicatechin, a dimer B2, two trimers, C1 and C2.	Phytochemical characterization	Mraihi et al., 2015
C. pycnoloba, total extract	4 dibenzofurans inc. newly discovered compound 6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxydibenzofuran; ursolic aldehyde.	Melanin synthesis inhibition	Agalou et al., 2018
C. oxyacantha, shade dried plant twigs	2-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methoxyethanol, 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl propan-1-one, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glc, lupeol, β-sitosterol, betulin, betulinic and oleanolic acids, chrysin (9);	Inhibition of acetyl and butyryl-cholinesterases	Ali, et al., 2017
Crataegus spp. from Bosnia, leaves with flowers, and berries	In mg/g DW: gallic acid (0.001–0.082), chlorogenic acid (0.19–8.70, rutin (0.03 to 13.49).	Phytochemical characterization	Čulum et al., 2018
C. pubescens, Fruit pulp (from Mexico)	In mg/100 mg DW: (+)-catechin (9.17±0.20), (-)-epicatechin (4.32±0.11), chlorogenic acid (5.60±0.24 mg/100); total proanthocyanidins 84.6±1.4 mg cyanidin; total flavonoids 55.89±1.43 mg quercetin.	Phytochemical characterization	González-Jiménez et al., 2018
C. microphylla Koch. ssp. malyana K. I. Chr. & Janjic, extracts of leaves with flowers	In mg/g DW: gallic acid 0.04, caffeic acid0.60, and hyperoside 2.61; TPC: 2.47 to 13.35 GAE; TFC: 0.01–1.09 QE	Phytochemical characterization	Čopra-Janićijević et al., 2018
Various Crataegus spp., flowers and leaves of 56 samples from Iran	TPC: 7.21–87.73 mg GAE/g DW; TFC: 2.27–17.40 mg/g DW; chlorogenic acid, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, vitexin, rutin, hyperoside, quercetin, isoquercetin	Flavonoids profile, antioxidant activity	Alirezalu et al., 2018
C. almaatensis Pojark, leaves, flowers and fruits	22 secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolic acids); TPC: 218 mg/g	Copmparison with C. oxyacantha	Bekbolatova et al., 2018
C. pinnatifida, commercial berries	15 triterpenoids, inc. 4 novel hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic (HOA) acids: 3-β,6 β,18 β-triHOA, 3 β,6 β,18 β,23-tetra HOA, 2 α,3 β,6 β,18 β-HOA, 2 α,3 β,6 β,18 β,23-pentaHOA	Antiproliferative and antioxidant activity	Qiao et al., 2015
Fruits, methanol, ethanol, acetone (80%) water extracts	Water (mg/g): vanillic (0.093), gallic (0.279) acids, catechin (3.622), chlorogenic (1.457 0.058) and ferulic (6.909) acid; acetone: epicatechin (2.71), protocatechuic acid (5.827)	Effect of solvents, antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity	Miao et al., 2016
Crataegus spp., of leaves and flowers	81 components: benzaldehyde (82.54%) butyraldehyde (38.27%), (E)2-hexenal (21.67%)	Volatile, components, aroma	Ozderin et al., 2016
C. pinnatifida,	GC area %: Methyl acetate (4.40), n-hexane (2.90), 2-methyl-furan (1.80), 3-methyl-butyraldehyde (3.64), hexanal (2.08), furaldehyde (5.77), D-limonene (7.99)	Volatile compounds, aroma	Zhong et al., 2015
Hawthorn, pharmaceutical forms of inflorescence	Essential oil (%): 0.05 to 0.20% v/w; tricosane (12–17), (11–16), (6–11), n-hexadecanoic acid (1–11), nonadecane (3–7), (E,E)-α-farnesene (1–5), caryophyllene oxide (1–4), methyl eugenol (up to 6).	Essential oil, aroma	Kowalski et al., 2018

Table 2. Phytoconstituents of Crataegus spp. (recently reported; newly identified compounds are in italics)

Sample information

Name

Bioactivities, other study objective

Reference

Abbreviations are: glcp,glucopyranoside; glc, glucoside; TPC,total phenolic content; TFC,total flavonoid content; GAE,gallic acid equivalents; and QE,quercetin equivalents.

C. pinnatifida, extract of leaves

4 monoterpene glycosides, pinnatifidanosides A-D; phenolic glycoside, pinnatifidanoside E; byzantionoside B, (3S,5R,6R,7E,9R)-3,6-epoxy-7-megastigmen-5, 9-diol-9-O-β-D-glcp, (65,7Z,9R)-roseoside, icariside B6, linalool oxide β-D-glc, shanyenoside A, dihydrocharcone-2′-β-D-glc, eriodectyol, vitexin, 2″-O-rhamnosyl vitexin

Antithrombotic effects

Li et al., 2015

C. pinnatifida, ethanolic extract of leaves

Norhawthornoids A, B; sesquiterpenoids shnyegenin B, shnyeside B, (3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)-megastiman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol, euodionosides D, (6R,9R)-3-oxo-α-ionol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (6S,7E,9R)-6,9-dihydroxy-4,7-megastiymadien-3-one-9-O-[β-D-xylopyranosy-β-D-glucopyranoside], linarionosides A, B, C; 3,9-dihydroxy-5-megastigmen-3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosy-β-D-glucopyranoside], pinnatifidanosides C, F, G.

Antithrombotic effects

Gao et al., 2017

C. pinnatifida, hydroethanolic extract of fruits

Crataegusoids: A(−), B, C, D, E (−) and (+), F

Cytotoxicity against cancer cells

Guo et al., 2018

C. pinnatifida, extract of seeds

8 new lignans, hawthornnins A-H and 7 known analogues

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory

Huang et al., 2015a

C. pinnatifida, extract of seeds

2 new 8-0-4′ neolignans, huangnin A and B; 4 known analogs

Tyrosinase inhibition

Huang et al., 2015b

C. pinnatifida, 70% ethanol extract of seeds

7 Crataegusnins A-G; 3 substituted propanetriols (3); leptolepisol D

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory

Peng et al., 2016

Crataegus spp., 70% ethanol extract from seeds

(7R, 8R, 8S)-, (7′S, 8′R, 8R)-, (7′R, 8′S, 8S)-isolariciresinols, (7′S, 8′R, 8R)-lyoniresinol, (7′S, 8′R, 8R)-isolariciresinol-9′-β-D-glc, lyoniside, nudiposide

Inhibition of amyloid A_β1–42 aggregation

Huang et al., 2018b

C. pinnatifida, flavonoid extract of leaves

(-)-Epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-(2,6-di-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside, 4″-O-glucosyl and 2″-O-rhamnosylvitexins, vitexin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin

Isolation and purification of flavonoids

Wen et al., 2017b

C. pinnatifida var. major, crude Crataegus Fructus drug

Crataegusins A and B (2) (new flavanocoumarins)

DPPH reducing activity

Kazuma et al., 2016

C. azarolus var. eu-azarolus Maire, ethanol extract of leaves and its fractions

EtOH: rutin, salicylic and ellagic acids; chloroform and n-butanol fractions: ursolic, 3-β-O-acetyl ursolic, and ellagic acids, quercetin-3-O-β methyl ether, rutin and apigenin7-O-rutinoside

Anti-hyperglycemic activity

Abu-Gharbieh Shehab, 2017

C. azarolus var. aronia, ethyl acetate extract of leaves

A new ursane-type triterpene acid, azarolic acid, 4 known phenolic compounds; 4 known triterpene acids

Anti-vasoconstriction

Mahmud et al., 2016

C. monogyna, C. azarolus fruit

3 hydroxycinnamic and 1 hydroxybenzoic acid, 6 glucosylated flavonols and 2 flavones, 2 cyanidin glycosides; (-)-epicatechin, a dimer B2, two trimers, C1 and C2.

Phytochemical characterization

Mraihi et al., 2015

C. pycnoloba, total extract

4 dibenzofurans inc. newly discovered compound 6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxydibenzofuran; ursolic aldehyde.

Melanin synthesis inhibition

Agalou et al., 2018

C. oxyacantha, shade dried plant twigs

2-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methoxyethanol, 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl propan-1-one, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glc, lupeol, β-sitosterol, betulin, betulinic and oleanolic acids, chrysin (9);

Inhibition of acetyl and butyryl-cholinesterases

Ali, et al., 2017

Crataegus spp. from Bosnia, leaves with flowers, and berries

In mg/g DW: gallic acid (0.001–0.082), chlorogenic acid (0.19–8.70, rutin (0.03 to 13.49).

Phytochemical characterization

Čulum et al., 2018

C. pubescens, Fruit pulp (from Mexico)

In mg/100 mg DW: (+)-catechin (9.17±0.20), (-)-epicatechin (4.32±0.11), chlorogenic acid (5.60±0.24 mg/100); total proanthocyanidins 84.6±1.4 mg cyanidin; total flavonoids 55.89±1.43 mg quercetin.

Phytochemical characterization

González-Jiménez et al., 2018

C. microphylla Koch. ssp. malyana K. I. Chr. & Janjic, extracts of leaves with flowers

In mg/g DW: gallic acid 0.04, caffeic acid0.60, and hyperoside 2.61; TPC: 2.47 to 13.35 GAE; TFC: 0.01–1.09 QE

Phytochemical characterization

Čopra-Janićijević et al., 2018

Various Crataegus spp., flowers and leaves of 56 samples from Iran

TPC: 7.21–87.73 mg GAE/g DW; TFC: 2.27–17.40 mg/g DW; chlorogenic acid, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, vitexin, rutin, hyperoside, quercetin, isoquercetin

Flavonoids profile, antioxidant activity

Alirezalu et al., 2018

C. almaatensis Pojark, leaves, flowers and fruits

22 secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolic acids); TPC: 218 mg/g

Copmparison with C. oxyacantha

Bekbolatova et al., 2018

C. pinnatifida, commercial berries

15 triterpenoids, inc. 4 novel hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic (HOA) acids: 3-β,6 β,18 β-triHOA, 3 β,6 β,18 β,23-tetra HOA, 2 α,3 β,6 β,18 β-HOA, 2 α,3 β,6 β,18 β,23-pentaHOA

Antiproliferative and antioxidant activity

Qiao et al., 2015

Fruits, methanol, ethanol, acetone (80%) water extracts

Water (mg/g): vanillic (0.093), gallic (0.279) acids, catechin (3.622), chlorogenic (1.457 0.058) and ferulic (6.909) acid; acetone: epicatechin (2.71), protocatechuic acid (5.827)

Effect of solvents, antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity

Miao et al., 2016

Crataegus spp., of leaves and flowers

81 components: benzaldehyde (82.54%) butyraldehyde (38.27%), (E)2-hexenal (21.67%)

Volatile, components, aroma

Ozderin et al., 2016

C. pinnatifida,

GC area %: Methyl acetate (4.40), n-hexane (2.90), 2-methyl-furan (1.80), 3-methyl-butyraldehyde (3.64), hexanal (2.08), furaldehyde (5.77), D-limonene (7.99)

Volatile compounds, aroma

Zhong et al., 2015

Hawthorn, pharmaceutical forms of inflorescence

Essential oil (%): 0.05 to 0.20% v/w; tricosane (12–17), (11–16), (6–11), n-hexadecanoic acid (1–11), nonadecane (3–7), (E,E)-α-farnesene (1–5), caryophyllene oxide (1–4), methyl eugenol (up to 6).

Essential oil, aroma

Kowalski et al., 2018